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During recent decades, in many parts of the developed world, the emphasis on education has replaced the more practically focussed, but often ritualistic, training structure of conventional practitioner preparation. Educational pathways stress a broader awareness of other disciplines allied to medicine, and the utilisation of research when making clinical and managerial decisions. Orthodox training can be argued to have offered a more intense practical skills base, but emphasised the Handmaiden relationship with the physician. This is now outmoded, and the impact of nurse education is to develop a confident, inquiring graduate practitioner who contributes to the care team as an equal. However, not all qualification courses yet have graduate status. It is possible to link recent developments in nurse education with feminism and the rising status of women in professional roles elsewhere. HISTORY Traditionally, from the times prior to Florence Nightingale , nursing was seen as an Apprenticeship , often undertaken in Religious Orders such as convents by young females, although there has always been a proportion of male nurses, especially in mental health services. In 1860 Nightingale set up the first Nurse training school at St Thomas' Hospital , London . Nightingale's Curriculum was largely based around Nursing Practice , with instruction focussed upon the need for hygiene and task competence. Her methods are reflected in her "Notes on Nursing", (1898). Some other nurses at this time, notably Ethel Bedford-Fenwick , were in favour of formalised Nursing Registration and curriculae that were formally based in Higher Education and not within the confines of hospitals. Formal nurse education in the United States and Canada directly followed the Nightingale model of hospital-based training and upon graduating, students earned a Diploma In Nursing . During the 1920's a shift to education in academic facilities began and now nurse education is primarily conducted within Colleges or Universities with clinical classes held in hospitals. However, some hospital-based schools persist. In Europe the University Of Edinburgh was the first European institution to offer a Nursing Degree in 1972 . Within the profession of nurse teaching, arguments continue about the ideal balance of practical preparation to do the job in a hands-on way with the need to educate the future practitioner to manage healthcare and to see "the bigger picture". To meet these requirements, nurse education aims to develop and nurture a lifelong learner who can adapt effectively to changes in both the theory and practice of nursing. SEE ALSO |
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