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''This article is about the post-Vatican-II changes to the Mass; for an explanation of the current structure of the Mass, see Mass (liturgy) .'' Novus Ordo Missae (Latin: New ''Order of the Mass'', or: New ''Ordinary of the Mass''), generally abbreviated to '''Novus Ordo''', is a term used unofficially to refer to the Liturgy of the Mass of the Roman Rite as revised after the Second Vatican Council . THE TERM The term "Novus Ordo (Missae)" is widely used by Traditionalist Catholic s to refer to the post-1969 Roman Missal. Others too use it, but many view it as pejorative. Alternative terms seen as more positive include Post-Tridentine Mass, '''Missa Normativa''', '''Mass of Pope Paul VI''' and '''Pauline Mass''', while '''the New Mass''' is seen as equivalent to "Novus Ordo" or "Novus Ordo Missae". The Church officially refers to Mass liturgies simply by the date of the edition of the Roman Missal used in the celebration, e.g., Roman Missal 2002, or Roman Missal 1962. The term "Novus Ordo Missae" was coined when, in advance of the 1969 decision on the form of the revision of the Roman Missal, a preliminary draft of two sections was published. The one containing the unvarying part of the Mass, in English called the Ordinary Of The Mass , is in Latin called ''Ordo Missae''. To distinguish it from the ''Ordo Missae'' of the previous (1962) edition of the Missal, some referred to it as the "Novus Ordo Missae", ''novus'' being the Latin word for "new", because the outward form of the liturgy outlined in that section was at some points changed considerably. The term was later applied to the entirety of the revised Mass liturgy. The other section published in draft form at the same time was the ''Institutio Generalis Missalis Romani'', the General Instruction of the Roman Missal (GIRM), with more detailed directives than given in the rubrics of the Ordinary of the Mass. THE TEXT The current official text is the typical edition of the Roman Missal promulgated in 2000 and issued in Latin in 2002; translations into the Vernacular are in production. Two earlier typical editions of the Roman Missal revised in accordance with the decrees of the Second Vatican Council were issued in 1970 (promulgated in 1969) and in 1975. The pre-1970 version of the Roman Missal is frequently referred to as the Tridentine Mass , though some Catholics (including both supporters and opponents of the post-Vatican II liturgical reforms) object to the use of this term. HISTORY The desire to revise the Mass can be traced to the modern Liturgical Movement , initiated most notably by Dom Prosper Guéranger , founder of the Abbey of Solesmes . The movement desired corrections to what it saw as inappropriate practices in the celebration of Mass and their replacement with more ancient liturgical practices. The movement focused on increasing the popularity of Gregorian Chant and encouraging the congregation to participate (in a mental sense) more fully in the Mass. There was no intention to alter the form of the rite of Mass. However, unease had developed about practices that required an effort to justify, such as:
Another feature of the liturgical movement was the desire to use the vernacular language in some or all of the Mass, in order that the congregation might draw spiritual nourishment from being able to participate in the Mass with understanding. This was especially desired for the readings from Scripture at Mass. In his encyclical ''Mediator Dei'', {Link without Title} Pope Pius XII stated that "the use of the mother tongue in connection with several of the rites may be of much advantage to the people. But the Apostolic See alone is empowered to grant this permission". He gave a general permission to use the vernacular at the renewal of baptismal promises in the revised Easter Vigil service. Scholarly study had brought to light how and when many elements of varied provenance were added to the Roman-rite Mass and were then included in Pope Pius V ’s Tridentine revision of the Roman Missal. In section 4 of the same encyclical, Pope Pius XII praised the work of these experts, while insisting that it was for the Holy See, not for wild-cat initiative, to judge what action to take on the basis of the results: "You are of course familiar with the fact, Venerable Brethren, that a remarkably widespread revival of scholarly interest in the sacred liturgy took place towards the end of the last century and has continued through the early years of this one. The movement owed its rise to commendable private initiative and more particularly to the zealous and persistent labour of several monasteries within the distinguished Order of Saint Benedict. Thus there developed in this field among many European nations, and in lands beyond the seas as well, a rivalry as welcome as it was productive of results. Indeed, the salutary fruits of this rivalry among the scholars were plain for all to see, both in the sphere of the sacred sciences, where the liturgical rites of the Western and Eastern Church were made the object of extensive research and profound study, and in the spiritual life of considerable numbers of individual Christians." The research to which Pope Pius XII referred made it clear that, because of the insufficient resources at its disposal, Pope Pius V’s commission had not achieved its aim of restoring the Missal to "the original form and rite of the holy Fathers", the aim that the sixteenth-century Pope believed it had in fact attained, stating in his bull ''Quo primum'': {Link without Title} "We decided to entrust this work to learned men of our selection. They very carefully collated all their work with the ancient codices in Our Vatican Library and with reliable, preserved or emended codices from elsewhere. Besides this, these men consulted the works of ancient and approved authors concerning the same sacred rites; and thus they have restored the Missal itself to the original form and rite of the holy Fathers." BEGINNINGS OF THE REVISION Although the Roman Missal had been subject to revision ever since it was codified by order of the Council Of Trent , these revisions had not hitherto represented any substantial break with past practices. After only 34 years Pope Clement VIII made a general revision, as did Pope Urban VIII 30 years later; other Popes added new celebrations or made minor adjustments. But it was not until the twentieth century that work began on a more radical rewriting; up to that time, thousands of words had been added to the Missal but only 26 to the Ordinary of the Mass. In response to the desire of the First Vatican Council , Pope Pius X introduced in 1911 a new arrangement of the Psalter for use in the Breviary , and forbade the use of the previous arrangement. In the Bull '' Divino afflatu '', by which he ordered this change, he described this as "a first step towards a correction of the Roman Breviary and Missal." Even his limited revision of the Breviary "significantly unsettled" clerics - the laity were almost totally unaware of it - since "(i)t only partially took into account the ancient tradition of the Church, for example, abandoning the number of 12 psalms at Matins, a number consecrated by a tradition going back to the Desert Fathers and expressly codified in the Rule of St. Benedict. Another point controverted at the time was the suppression of the immemorial and universally held usage of reciting psalms 148, 149, and 150 at the end of Lauds daily."[http://www.sspx.ca/Angelus/2003_September/Saint_Pius_X.htm] In 1955, , the Easter Triduum , and the Vigil of Pentecost. The Palm Sunday blessing of palms was freed from elements, such as the recitation of the Sanctus, that were relics of a former celebration of a separate Mass for the blessing, and the procession was simplified. Among the Holy Thursday changes were the moving of Mass from morning to evening, thus making room for a morning Chrism Mass, and the insertion of the rite of the washing of feet into the evening Mass. Changes to the Good Friday service included moving it from morning to afternoon, and allowing the laity to receive Communion, formerly reserved to the priest. There were more numerous changes to the Easter Vigil service:
At the Vigil of Pentecost, the traditional blessing of baptismal water, accompanied by the Litany of the Saints and six Old Testament readings, was omitted completely, though still printed in the Missal. Apart from adding a few feasts and otherwise revising the liturgical calendar, ). The second change was particularly significant, as many had considered the Canon of the Mass practically untouchable. THE 1970 ROMAN MISSAL The Apostolic Constitution ''Missale Romanum'', promulgating the 1970 Roman Missal, singled out for special mention the following changes:
In addition to these three changes, the Apostolic Constitution mentions that the revision considerably modified other sections of the Roman Missal, such as the Proper of Seasons, the Proper of Saints, the Common of Saints, Ritual Masses and Votive Masses, adding that " number [of the prayers has been increased, so that the new forms might better correspond to new needs, and the text of older prayers has been restored on the basis of the ancient sources." Whether in fact these intentions have been achieved is open to doubt. OTHER CHANGES Vernacular language The Second Vatican Council allowed a very restricted use of the vernacular language at Mass, stating in its Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy ''Sacrosanctum Concilium'' {Link without Title} of 4 December 1963 : "Since the use of the vernacular, whether in the Mass, the administration of the sacraments, or in other parts of the liturgy, may frequently be of great advantage to the people, a wider use may be made of it, especially in readings, directives and in some prayers and chants" (section 36); and: "A suitable place may be allotted to the vernacular in Masses which are celebrated with the people, especially in the readings and 'the common prayer', and also, as local conditions may warrant, in those parts which pertain to the people" (section 54). But it allowed bishops' conferences to make adaptations, with the consent of the Holy See (section 40). Bishops' conferences from all over the world soon requested confirmation of their choice to expand the use of the vernacular at Mass. By the time the revised Roman Missal was published in 1970, the granting of such requests resulted in the removal of the obligation to use only Latin in any part of the Mass, even in the prayers that the priest said silently. Accordingly, Mass is normally celebrated in the language of the people, using a translation of the Roman Missal approved by a decision of the bishops' conference that has been confirmed by the Holy See. The present rule is: "Mass is celebrated either in Latin or in another language, provided that liturgical texts are used which have been approved according to the norm of law. Except in the case of celebrations of the Mass that are scheduled by the ecclesiastical authorities to take place in the language of the people, priests are always and everywhere permitted to celebrate Mass in Latin" (Instruction ''Redemptionis Sacramentum'', 112). {Link without Title} Changes in the Ordinary of the Mass The Ordinary of the Mass, which previously was seen as composed of the Mass of the Catechumens and the Mass of the Faithful, is presented as having four sections: Initial Rites, Liturgy of the Word, Liturgy of the Eucharist, and Concluding Rites. There were some noteworthy textual changes in the first two sections, but more so in the first part of the Liturgy of the Eucharist, known as the Offertory, where almost all the previous prayers were altered or shortened. As mentioned above, three new optional alternative texts were added to the single Canon Of The Mass of the previous Roman Rite , in which, if the canon was interpreted as excluding its preface with the opening dialogue and Sanctus acclamation, it was said entirely inaudibly except for the words, ''Nobis quoque peccatoribus'' ("To us sinners") and ''per omnia saecula saeculorum'' ("for ever and ever"). In contrast, the present Roman Missal gives the instruction: "It is very appropriate that the priest sing those parts of the Eucharistic Prayer for which musical notation is provided" (GIRM 147). If not sung, all the words of the canon or eucharistic prayer are now spoken aloud, while the 25 signs of the cross that, during the Canon of the Mass, the priest made over the host and chalice, 15 of them after the consecration, have been reduced to a single sign of the cross before the consecration. Apart from the introduction of an optional exchange of a sign of peace, the changes in the rest of the Liturgy of the Eucharist are less notable. In the Concluding Rites, the dismissal formula (''Ite, missa est'') has been moved to the end; previously it was followed by a personal inaudible prayer by the priest, his blessing of the people, and the reading of a Gospel passage, usually John 1:1-14. Communion under both species The 1970 Roman Missal allowed the faithful to receive the Eucharist under the appearances of both bread and wine. The very few circumstances where this was at first permitted were gradually extended. Regular use of Communion under both kinds requires the permission of the bishop, but bishops in some countries have given blanket permission to administer Holy Communion in this way. This practice had largely fallen into disuse in Western Europe even before the Council of Trent, and the revised Roman Missal therefore insisted that priests should use the occasion to teach the faithful the Catholic doctrine on the form of Communion, as affirmed by the Council of Trent: they were first to be reminded that they receive the whole Christ when they participate in the sacrament even under one kind alone, and thus are not then deprived of any grace necessary for salvation. The priest's orientation Before the revision, priest and people generally faced in the same direction for the Canon Of The Mass . Almost all Latin-rite Altar s of recent centuries were built against a wall or backed by a Reredos and with a Tabernacle placed on the altar or inserted into the reredos. When Mass was celebrated at the main altar, all would face the Apse of the church (i.e., toward the Blessed Sacrament reserved in the tabernacle), which was generally to the east. However, while this was the ordinary orientation, there were some exceptions. The Tridentine Missal itself explicitly spoke of altars "versus populum" (facing the people), and gave corresponding instructions for the celebrating priest when saying "Dominus vobiscum", "Orate fratres", "Ite Missa est" or when giving the blessing (''Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae'', V, 3). In several ancient churches in Rome it was even physically impossible for the priest to celebrate Mass with his back to the people, because of the presence, immediately in front of the altar, of the "confession", an area sunk below the general floor level to enable the faithful to come close to the tomb of the saint buried beneath the altar. The best-known such "confession" is that in St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. But several other such churches in Rome have the same architectural feature, including the church of the Four Crowned Saints in Via dei Santi Quattro, which has the apse to the east {Link without Title} . It is said that the reason why the Pope traditionally faced the people when celebrating Mass in St Peter's Basilica was that, because of the difficult terrain, it was built with its apse to west; it is even claimed that at one time, though certainly not in recent centuries, when the Pope celebrated Mass there, the people had their backs to him and to the altar (Ratzinger, 2000, ''The Spirit of the Liturgy''). Without obliging priests to face the people throughout the Mass, (only at the points mentioned below is he obliged, as in the pre-1970 Roman Missal, to do so) the 1970 Roman Missal called for this orientation to be made possible: "The main altar should be freestanding so that the ministers can easily walk around it and Mass can be celebrated facing the people" (GIRM 262). The 2002 edition of the GIRM added a phrase declaring a freestanding main altar "desirable wherever possible" (GIRM 299). Accordingly, altars that imposed the east- and/or tabernacle-facing orientation have generally been moved closer to the people and away from the apse wall or reredos, or, where this was unsuitable, a new freestanding altar has been built closer to the people. This, however, is not universal, and in some churches and chapels the facing-the-people orientation during the whole of Mass is physically impossible. The 1975 GIRM prescribed that the priest should face the people:
The pre-Vatican-II Ordinary of the Mass gave the same indications as the 1975 GIRM, except that it ignored the Communion of the people; mention of this was found only in the Missal's ''Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae'', X, 6, with an outline of the rite, not the full text. The current GIRM directs the priest to face the altar at several points, exactly as in the pre-Vatican-II Ordinary of the Mass. Usually, because of his orientation, this means he also faces the people. Repositioning of the tabernacle Placing the Tabernacle on the main altar of the church, which became generally customary from the second half of the Seventeenth Century , is inconvenient for a celebration in which the priest faces the people. Accordingly, while directing that "(i)n accordance with the structure of each church and legitimate local customs, the Most Blessed Sacrament should be reserved in a tabernacle in a part of the church that is truly noble, prominent, readily visible, beautifully decorated, and suitable for prayer" (GIRM 314), the revised Roman Missal states: "... it is preferable that the tabernacle be located, according to the judgment of the Diocesan Bishop, : a. Either in the sanctuary, apart from the altar of celebration, in a form and place more appropriate, not excluding on an old altar no longer used for celebration; : b. Or even in some Chapel suitable for the faithful’s private adoration and prayer and which is organically connected to the church and readily visible to the Christian faithful" (GIRM 315). Other matters A procession is now allowed at the ''Offertory'' or ''Presentation of the Gifts'', when bread, wine, and water are brought to the altar. The exchange of a sign of peace before Communion, previously limited to the clergy at High Mass, is permitted (not made obligatory) at every Mass, even for the laity. "As for the sign of peace to be given, the manner is to be established by Conferences of Bishops in accordance with the culture and customs of the peoples. It is, however, appropriate that each person offer the sign of peace only to those who are nearest and in a sober manner" (GIRM 82). A simple handshake is most common, though sometimes family members will exchange a kiss on the cheek, especially in Latin countries. In countries such as India, the sign is given by bowing with joined hands. CRITICISM OF THE REVISION There are two distinct forms of criticisms: criticisms of the text itself, and criticisms of the way that text has been acted upon since 1970. Criticisms of the text itself Some Catholics believe that what they call "the New Mass", when celebrated in languages in which the phrase "pro multis" (Latin for "for many", or for "for the many") in the words of consecration is translated as "for all", is invalid as sacrament and sacrifice, and brings about no Transubstantiation , and hope that the new English translation in preparation will change this, at least for that language. They or others claim also that, while past changes of ritual were done to clearly distinguish the difference between a Catholic belief and a heretical one, the 1970 changes were intended primarily to make the Mass less controversial to heretical groups. They point to the following alleged examples:
The critics claim that these actions were done to tone down belief in transubstantiation, which Protestants reject. A controversial Gallup poll in the United States, which reported that seventy percent of the Catholics polled did not believe in transubstantiation, is often cited as evidence of this claim. Others point out that most American Catholics were simply unfamiliar with the term ''transubstantiation'' and point to another poll in which the majority of American Catholics answered "yes" to whether they believe Christ to be physically present in the Sacrament. The critics affirm that ambiguities were placed in the text on purpose, to enable reformers to push for further changes, to make the Mass compatible with Protestant worship, or to lead to confusion and loss of Catholic faith. Criticisms of practices introduced since 1970 Critics oppose certain practices permitted either by the revised Roman Missal or the revised Code Of Canon Law , including:
Other alterations have been due to changes of taste: plainer vestments with simpler designs and without lace, churches of non-traditional architecture. Many have been of doubtful legitimacy: eliminating kneelers, introducing certain forms of music, including the use of percussion instruments. Critics see these changes as due to (or leading to) a lack of belief that Jesus becomes really, truly and substantially present under the appearance of bread and wine. Some of them would see the revised liturgy as acceptable if these elements were excluded. The overall effect of the changes has been, Traditionalist Catholics say, to de-emphasise (a) the sacrificial nature of the Mass, and (b) the bar to salvation outside the Church. PREPARING A MORE LITERAL ENGLISH TRANSLATION On 28 March 2001 , the Holy See issued the Instruction ''Liturgiam authenticam'' "on the use of vernacular languages in the publication of the books of the Roman liturgy". This included the requirement that, in translations of the liturgical texts (the originals of which are always in Latin), "the original text, insofar as possible, must be translated integrally and in the most exact manner, without omissions or additions in terms of their content, and without paraphrases or glosses. Any adaptation to the characteristics or the nature of the various vernacular languages is to be sober and discreet." The following year, the third typical edition in Latin of the revised Roman Missal was released, an edition announced in 2000. (The "typical edition" of a liturgical text is that to which editions by other publishers must conform.) These two texts made clear the need for a new official English translation of the Roman Missal, particularly because the previous one was at some points an adaptation rather than strictly a translation. An example is the rendering of ''Et cum spiritu tuo'' (literally, "And with your spirit") as "And also with you." A revised translation may therefore make more evident to English speakers that the Second Vatican Council revision of the Ordinary of the Mass left most of the text unchanged. The body responsible for producing English translations of liturgical texts of the Roman Rite is the International Commission On English In The Liturgy (ICEL). It promptly began work on a completely new translation of the Roman Missal, intending it not to be a rushed job. On 2 February 2004 , ICEL Chairman Bishop Arthur Roche of Leeds, England issued a first draft of the ''Ordinary of the Mass'' part of the Missal; a definitive version of the Missal is expected to become available in 2007 at the earliest. (CVN 65) celebrates Mass on a Sunday evening in the ship's chapel (Oct. 5, 2003).]] EXTERNAL LINKS A) Revision of the Roman Missal
B) Polemics
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