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The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (public law 107-110) is a United States federal law that reauthorizes a number of federal programs that aim to improve the performance of America's Primary and Secondary School s by increasing the standards of accountability for states, School District s, and schools, as well as providing parents more flexibility in choosing which schools their children will attend. Additionally, it promotes an increased focus on reading and re-authorizes the Elementary And Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA).

The effectiveness and desirability of the Act's measures continue to be a matter of vigorous debate. On May 3 , 2005 , Utah governor Jon Huntsman signed a measure into state law that allows that state's districts to ignore provisions of the law which conflict with that state's program, making it the first state to pass such a law. The Department Of Education has threatened to withhold federal education funding as a result.


BACKGROUND


This act is the latest of a number of federal laws implementing Education Reform . The
best known law previously was Goals 2000 , which was essentially federal codification of
the principles of Outcomes Based Education , and which helped prompt many states to
adopt Performance Based Tests such as WASL and CLAS , along with other controversial
methods of teaching reading, mathematics, and science. Key to OBE was the concept
taken from TQM of measuring quality and implementing processes which would result in
continual improvement. One of the key architects of NCLB was Sandy Kress, who was also instrumental in the Texas version of OBE, the TAAS test.

The act is the result of President George W. Bush 's ''No Child Left Behind'' proposals Bush campaigned on during the 2000 presidential campaign. Several of the proposals were based on the reform strategies instituted by President Bush during his tenure as governor of Texas .

The act began as House Resolution 1 in March 2001 during the 107th Congress. The 670 page act was eventually passed by the House Of Representatives on December 13 , 2001 by a vote of 381-41. It passed in the Senate by a vote of 87-10 on December 18 , 2001 . It was signed into law by President Bush on January 8 , 2002 at Hamilton High School in Hamilton, Ohio . On hand for the signing ceremony were Democratic Rep. George Miller of California , Democratic Sen. Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts , Secretary of Education Rod Paige , Republican Rep. John Boehner of Ohio , and Republican Sen. Judd Gregg of New Hampshire .

Teachers' unions such as the National Education Association and the American Federation Of Teachers have opposed NCLB reforms almost from inception, and have worked to both weaken the law's provisions and to turn around public perception of the law and its necessity. The unions question NCLB's effectiveness as presently written and funded, and note a number of difficulties school districts face in implementing its provisions. Supporters of NCLB's reforms on the other hand claim that union opposition may also have to do with the fact that key provisions of the law will have the effect of reducing union income as unionized school districts with failing schools are forced to reconstitute and teachers are in some cases no longer allowed to bargain collectively. In inner city school districts where public school students consistently under-perform, this union resistance to NCLB has often pitted the teachers' unions against parents who see their children's low performance as indicative of poor instruction. The teachers' counter-argument often stresses research suggesting that a student's home environment plays a larger part in determining his or her test scores than does the school environment.

In ad was challenged by the Government Accountability Office for being ' Covert Propaganda ', which is against federal law. The firm also provided the Department of Education with monthly rankings of reporters based on how they cover the law. {Link without Title}


MAJOR PROVISIONS

headquarters was remodeled to look like an old-fashioned school-house, topped by the phrase "No Child Left Behind" to advertise the initiative]]


Adequate Yearly Progress


A law requires States to create an accountability system of assessments, graduation rates, and other indicators. Schools have to make Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP), as determined by the state, by raising the achievement levels of subgroups of students such as African Americans, Latinos, low-income students, and special education students to a state-determined level of proficiency. All students must be proficient by the 2013-2014 school year. An escalating set of assistance is provided to students who are in schools that repeatedly do not improve.

Schools receiving Title I funds that do not meet AYP requirements for two consecutive years will be identified "in need of improvement" and required to offer parents the option of sending their children to another public school within the district. Upon being identified as "in need of improvement" the school is also required to develop or revise an existing school improvement plan which must be approved by the district. If the school does not meet targets the next year, supplemental educational services such as tutoring and after school programs must also be offered in addition to the option to transfer. If the school continues in "in need of improvement" status the following year it will be required to take corrective action such as removing relevant staff, implementing new curriculum, decreasing management authority, appointing outside experts to advise the school, extending the length of the school day or year or restructuring the school's internal organization. Only schools receiving Title I funds are subject to these sanctions.

34 CFR Part 200 Title I Final Regulations


Teacher Quality


The No Child Left Behind act requires that by the end of the 2005-2006 school year all teachers will be "highly qualified" as defined in the law. A highly qualified teacher is one who has fulfilled the state's certification and licensure requirements. New teachers must meet the following requirements:

  • Possess at least a Bachelor's Degree

  • At the elementary level they must pass a state test demonstrating their subject knowledge and teaching skills in reading/language arts, writing, mathematics and other areas of basic elementary school curriculum.

  • At the middle and high school levels they must pass a state test in each academic subject area they teach, plus have either an undergraduate major, a graduate degree, coursework equivalent to an undergraduate major or an advanced certification or credentialing.


Teachers not new to the profession must hold a bachelor's degree and must pass a state test demonstrating the subject knowledge and teaching skills. These requirements have caused some controversy and difficulty in implementation especially for special education teachers and teachers in small rural schools where they are often called upon to teach multiple grades and subjects.

For further information see the Teacher Quality Guidance from the U.S. Department of Education.


Student Testing


The progress of all students will be measured annually in reading and math in grades 3 through 8 and at least once during high school. By the end of the 2007-2008 school year, testing will also be conducted in science once during grades 3-5, 6-9, and 10-12.


Parent Involvement


In order to better inform parents, states are required to issue detailed report cards on the status of schools and districts. Under the law, parents must also be informed when their child is being taught by a teacher who does not meet "highly qualified" status. Schools are also required to include and involve parents in the school improvement planning process.


Scientifically Based Research


The phrase "scientifically based research" is found 111 times in the text of the No Child Left Behind Act. Schools are required to use "scientifically based research" strategies in the classroom and for professional development of staff. Research meeting this label, which includes only a small portion of the total research conducted in the field of education and related fields, must involve large quantitative studies using control groups as opposed to partially or entirely qualitative or ethnographic studies, research methodologies which may suggest different teaching and professional development strategies.


Public School Choice


Schools identified as needing improvement are required to provide students with the
opportunity to take advantage of public school choice no later than the beginning of the
school year following their identification for school improvement. NCLB authorized – and
Congress has subsequently appropriated – a substantial increase in funding for Title I aid, in
part to provide funding for school districts to implement the law’s parental choice
requirements. -- ''From NCLB FAQs in External Links ''.


CLAIMS MADE IN FAVOR OF THE ACT


  • Introduces an element of accountability into public school education and the expenditure of public funds for education.

  • Requires schools and districts to focus their attention on the academic achievement of traditionally under-served groups of children, such as low-income students, students with disabilities, and minorities. Many previous state-created systems of accountability only measured average school performance, allowing schools to be highly rated even if they had large achievement gaps between affluent and disadvantaged students.

  • Supports early literacy through the Early Reading First initiative.

  • Increases the quality of education. Schools are required to improve their performance under NCLB by implementing "scientifically based research" practices in the classroom, parent involvement programs, and professional development activities.

  • Measures student performance: a student's progress in reading and math must be measured annually in grades 3 through 8 and at least once during high school via Standardized Tests .

  • Provides information for parents by requiring states and school districts to give parents detailed report cards on schools and districts explaining the school's AYP performance. Schools must also inform parents when their child is being taught by a teacher or para-professional who does not meet "highly qualified" requirements.

  • Gives options to students enrolled in schools failing to meet AYP. If a school fails to meet AYP targets two or more years running, the school must offer eligible children the chance to transfer to higher-performing local schools, receive free tutoring, or attend after-school programs.

  • Increases flexibility to state and local agencies in the use of federal education money.

  • Provides more resources to schools. Federal funding for education has increased 59.8% from 2000 to 2003.

  • Seeks to narrow class and racial gaps in school performance by creating common expectations for all.

  • Addresses widespread perceptions that public education results fall short of expectations.



CLAIMS MADE IN OPPOSITION TO THE ACT


  • Supports Early Learning , an approach criticized in ''Better Late Than Early'' by Raymond and Dorothy Moore.

  • Requires public secondary schools to provide military recruiters the same access to facilities as a school provides to higher education institution recruiters. Schools are also required to provide contact information for every student to the military if requested, but students or parents can opt out of having their information shared. {Link without Title}

  • Organizations such as ACORN have criticized the unwillingness of the federal government to fully fund the act. While promoted by President Bush and applauded by both parties, neither the Senate nor the White House has requested funding up to the authorized levels for several programs such as Title I. Republicans in Congress have viewed these authorized levels as spending caps, not spending promises, and have pointed out that President Clinton never requested the full amount of funding authorized under the previous ESEA law. {Link without Title}

  • Indicators of school performance are not accurate or viable.

  • Testing is not coupled with plans and funding to remedy problems that might be detected by the testing. Instead, a system of increasing punishments is provided to take away resources from schools (i.e. from the students and employees of schools) which exhibit failing threshold scores.

  • Although "local freedom" is advertised as a benefit of NCLB, school districts are free to choose one curriculum package from a federally developed list of about 6 products, and cannot use the funding for any other purpose. Thus, the main immediate effect of NCLB is to reinforce an oligopoly of large curriculum publishers. There is some public accusation of political cronyism in this result.

  • Because schools, districts, and states are punished if they fail to make adequate progress according to the goals they themselves establish, the incentives are to set expectations lower rather than higher and to increase segregation by class and race and push low-performing students out of school altogether [http://www.law.nyu.edu/journals/lawreview/issues/vol79/no3/NYU303.pdf . The schools, districts, and states are also potentially set to game the system by manipulating which students are included or excluded from test-taking (to enhance apparent school performance) and by creative reclassification of drop-outs (to reduce unfavorable statistics) [http://www.factcheck.org/article181.html].

  • States and school districts should be granted greater freedom to target assistance to schools with the most extensive academic difficulties.

  • After-school programs are neglected.

  • NCLB is designed to set the stage for the eventual privatization of the U.S. public school system: reports about struggling schools sour public opinion and may cause more and more voters to question the viability of public education.

  • NCLB violates conservative principles by federalizing education and setting a precedent for further erosion of state and local control. Libertarians and some conservatives believe that the federal government has no Constitutional authority in education.

  • NCLB is a covert flushing mechanism developed by Rod Paige to eliminate the Department Of Education by requiring unreachable high standards to fail a disproportionate amount of schools and reduce the amount of federal funding handed out so that eventually the individual states would pay entirely for their school system and defederalize all education (which some might see as a good thing).

  • Students with learning disabilities do not receive extra help when taking the standardized tests, and can jeopardize the assigned rating the entire school is given.

  • Students who are learning English as a second language are expected to take the standardized tests and show proficiency equal to their English-speaking peers, when it is proven that English-Language-Learners take between 5 and 10 years to "catch up" to grade-level proficiency.

  • Focus on improving the average student's education may ignore individual differences between students, and potentially harm both Special and Gifted education programs.

  • NCLB focuses on basic educational classes and removes funding from music programs, art programs, etc. This results in schools being forced to remove elective and after school programs.

  • NCLB places a focus on the standardized testing mandatory for each student, therefore forcing the educators to focus on points covered in testing rather than what they think is important for children to learn. Standardized tests can be irrelevant to students' developmental learning.

  • "NCLB will cost school districts $1.491 billion annually representing an 11 percent increase over current total operating budgets. It was further determined that 97 percent of the costs associated with NCLB are unfunded with additional federal funding covering only $44 million of the nearly $1.5 billion in costs." {Link without Title}

  • While addressing the issue of "achievement gaps" (such as that between affluent and disadvantaged students) NCLB fails to address how possible "effort gaps" between the same groups affect the achievement gap. An effort gap can be attributed to such factors as hours of quality study time per week, diligence in completing homework assignments, attitude, discipline, and parental support.

  • NCLB gives future teachers little creativity in the teaching process.

  • Students with disabilities do not have the proper learning techniques because the standardized testing is over-stressed.

  • Standardized testing, the measure by which the Act evaluates competency, has been historically accused of cultural bias, and the practice of determining educational quality by testing students has been called into question.



Section 9528

No Child Left Behind Act has been criticized, especially for section 9528 {Link without Title} , requiring schools to provide names, addresses and other personal information for military recruiters.

{Link without Title} each local educational agency receiving assistance under this Act shall provide, on a request made by military recruiters or an institution of higher education, access to secondary school students names, addresses, and telephone listings.



NAME


The name's most likely origin is the motto of the liberal advocacy group The Children's Defense Fund , "Leave No Child Behind", but which may also stem from Atticus Finch 's speech in '' To Kill A Mockingbird '', in which he chastises the government for working so hard to not let one child be left behind the other, more advanced children. The more advanced children are being pulled back to the government's idea of a normal level instead of being further pushed ahead of the other students.


EXTERNAL LINKS