| Nicholas Murray Butler |
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Butler was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey to manufacturer Henry Butler and Mary Murray Butler. He enrolled in Columbia College (which became Columbia University in 1896) and earned his Bachelor Of Arts degree in 1882, his Masters ' degree the following year, and his Doctorate the year after. In 1885 he studied in Paris and Berlin and became a lifelong friend of future Secretary Of State Elihu Root . Through Root he also became acquainted with future Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. In the fall of that same year, Butler accepted a position on the staff of Columbia's philosophy department. In 1887 he became the co-founder and President of the New York School for the Training of Teachers, which later affiliated with Columbia University and was renamed Teachers College, Columbia University . Throughout the 1890s Butler served on the New Jersey Board of Education and participated in forming the College Entrance Examination Board . In 1901 he was installed as acting president of Columbia University and formally assumed the presidency in 1902. He remained in that office for forty-two years. During Butler's presidency, the university expanded its campus, erected a number of new buildings and added several new schools and departments. Among the innovations he oversaw was the opening of the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center , the first academic medical center in the world. Butler was a delegate to each Republican convention from 1888 to 1936. In the 1912 Presidential Election , Butler was Taft's running mate on the Republican ticket. In 1916, Butler failed in an effort to secure the Republican presidential nomination for Elihu Root. Butler himself attempted unsuccessfully to secure the Republican nomination for President in 1920 and 1928 . Butler became disillusioned with the negative effects he believed the 1920 national prohibition of alcohol was having on the country. He became active in the successful effort to bring about the Repeal Of Prohibition in 1933. Butler also chaired the Lake Mohonk Conferences on International Arbitration that met periodically from 1907 to 1912. In this time he was appointed president of the American branch of International Conciliation. Butler was also instrumental in persuading Andrew Carnegie to make the initial investment in the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace with $10 million. Butler became head of international education and communication, founded the European branch of the Endowment headquartered in Paris, and was President of the Endowment for twenty years. Continuing the clear sense that he was trusted by the many internationalists in power, Butler was made President of the elite Anglo-American integration society, the Pilgrims Society . He served as President of the Pilgrims from 1928 to 1946. Butler married in 1887 and had one daughter from that marriage. His wife died in 1903 and he married again in 1907. In 1940, Butler completed his Autobiography with the publication of the second volume of ''Across the Busy Years''. When Butler became almost blind in 1945 at the age of eighty-three, he resigned from the posts he held and died two years later. Columbia University named its main library building and a faculty apartment building in Butler's honor, along with a major prize in philosophy. WORKS
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