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Mizrahi Jews, or '''Mizrahim''' (מזרחי "Easterner", Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew ; plural מזרחים "Easterners", Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew ) sometimes also called '''Edot HaMizrah''' (Congregations of the East) are Jew s descended from the Jewish communities of the Middle East . Included in the ''Mizrahi'' category are non-Sephardic Jews from the Arab World , as well as other communities including the Gruzim , Persian Jews , Bukharan Jews , Mountain Jews , Iraqi Jews (including the Baghdadi Jews of India ), Kurdish Jews , and Yemenite Jews among various others. HISTORY AND USAGE The term "Mizrahim" is of modern Israel i origin, and its usage before the establishment of the state of Israel is almost nonexistent. The term came to be widely used by Mizrahi activists in the early 1990s, and since then has become a widely accepted designation. {Link without Title} Prior to the emergence of the term "Mizrahi", ''Arab Jews'' (יהודים ערבים) was a commonly used designation for those Mizrahim originating in Arab lands, though almost never employed by the Mizrahim themselves. The term is rarely used today, except among a minority of Mizrahim who promote reintroducing the designation ''Arab Jews'' instead of Mizrahim; this usage has thus far received little support among the wider Mizrahi community. Many Mizrahim today also identify themselves with and exhibit affinity toward their country of origin, or that of their immediate ancestors, e.g. "Iraqi Jew," "Tunisian Jew," "Persian Jew," and so forth, retaining particular traditions and practices. In the past Mizrahim were also known as ''Oriental Jews'', but this term is outdated. In the context of modern Israeli society the label is commonly used in the sense "non-Ashkenazim" and is mostly associated with the Near East and North Africa . LANGUAGE See Also: Mizrahi Hebrew language Many Mizrahi communities existed in Arab countries, and at various times spoke a number of Judeo-Arabic dialects, though these are now mainly used as a second language. Among other languages associated with Mizrahim are Dzhidi , Gruzinic , Bukhori , Kurdish , Judeo-Berber , Juhuri and Judeo-Aramaic dialects. Most of the many notable philosophical, religious, and literary works of the Mizrahim were written in Arabic using a modified Hebrew Alphabet . POST-1948 DISPERSAL Most Mizrahi Jews fled their countries of birth when, in reaction to the events leading up the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and subsequent establishment of the state of Israel , citizens of Arab countries acted out violently against their local Jewish populations. Further anti-Jewish actions by Arab governments in the 1950s and 1960s, including the expulsion of 25,000 Mizrahi Jews from Egypt following the 1956 Suez Crisis , led to the overwhelming majority of Mizrahim becoming Refugees . Most of these refugees fled to Israel . Today, as many as 40,000 Mizrahim still remain in communities scattered throughout the and the United States . Many in Iran feel actively persecuted, and a number have been arrested, mostly for alleged connections with Israel and the United States. Some have even been executed, with religious intolerance often cited as the main contributing factor. {Link without Title} MIZRAHIM IN MODERN ISRAEL Since their arrival in Israel, the Mizrahim have distinguished themselves from their Ashkenazi and Sephardi counterparts in culture, customs, and language. Arabic was the mother tongue of some, Persian for those from Iran, and Gruzinic , Georgian , Tajik , Juhuri , and various other languages for those who emigrated from elsewhere. Some Israeli Mizrahim still primarily use these languages. Before emigrating, many Mizrahim considered Hebrew a language of prayer. The Mizrahim were at first moved into rudimentary and hastily erected tent cities, and later sent to development towns. Settlement in Moshav im (cooperative farming villages) was partially unsuccessful, because many Mizrahim had been Craftsmen and Merchant s, with little farming experience. A book detailing Mzeina Bedouin life in the Sinai, "The Poetics of Military Occupation" by Smadar Lavie, a Mizrahi Jew, alleges that Israeli Jews who are "white" or "fair" in appearance do not regard Mizrahim as equals and as a result they suffer discrimination such as being denied jobs in Academia . According to a survey by Adva Center , the average income of Ashkenazim was 36 percent higher than that of Mizrahim in 2004 (Hebrew PDF - [http://www.adva.org/ivrit/ADVA_ISRAEL_2005_HEB.pdf]). DISTINGUISHED MIZRAHI FIGURES , current winning the 1998 Euvrovision ]] , current spiritual leader of Shas ]] Politicians
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