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Michael Ledeen




In 1974, Michael Ledeen moved to Rome where he studied , previously head of SACEUR (Supreme Allied Commander Europe - NATO 's European command center).


ACADEMIC AND POLITICAL CAREER


Ledeen holds a PhD from the . Ledeen has complained that "It's hard to explain to someone who doesn't read very well that there's a difference between authors and the subjects they write about." cit

Earlier in his career, Ledeen authored ''Universal Fascism: The Theory and Practice of the Fascist International, 1928-1936'', published in 1972 and now out of print. The book, which was his doctoral disseration, was the first work to explore Mussolini's efforts to create a Fascist international in the late 1920s and early 1930s.

Ledeen, along with Arnaud De Borchgrave in '' The New Republic '', exposed some details of Billy Carter 's dealings with the Muammar Gaddafi regime in Libya.


ITALY


Ledeen has often been accused of associations with shady organizations. According to the '' Asia Times '', for example, "Ledeen's right-wing Italian connections - including alleged ties to the P2 Masonic Lodge that rocked Italy in the early 1980s - have long been a source of speculation and intrigue, but he returned to Washington in 1981 as "anti-terrorism" advisor to the new secretary of state, Al Haig ." P2 was also involved in Operation Gladio , which was managed by NATO . Michael Ledeen has denied any connections with Licio Gelli 's masonic lodge. However, he acknowledged being paid by the SISMI in 1980 for "risk assessment" - along with P2 and Gladio, the SISMI secret services were involved in Italy's Strategy Of Tension .


THE IRAN-CONTRA SCANDAL


See Also: Iran-Contra scandal



Ledeen was a major figure in the biggest foreign policy scandal of the Ronald Reagan administration. As a consultant of National Security Adviser Robert C. McFarlane , Ledeen vouched for Iranian intermediary Manucher Ghorbanifar , and met with Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres , and officials of the Israeli Foreign Ministry and the CIA to arrange meetings with high-ranking Iranian officials and the much-criticized weapons-for-hostages deal with Iran that would become known as the Iran-Contra Scandal .1


REGIME CHANGE ADVOCACY


Regarding Regime Change in the Middle East , in 2002 Ledeen criticized the views of former National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft , writing:

He fears that if we attack Iraq "I think we could have an explosion in the Middle East. It could turn the whole region into a caldron and destroy the War on Terror."

One can only hope that we turn the region into a cauldron, and faster, please. If ever there were a region that richly deserved being cauldronized, it is the Middle East today. If we wage the war effectively, we will bring down the terror regimes in Iraq, Iran, and Syria, and either bring down the Saudi monarchy or force it to abandon its global assembly line to indoctrinate young terrorists.

That's our mission in the war against terror.2


In 1979, Ledeen was one of the first Western writers to point out that Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was a "clerical fascist," and that while it was legitimate to criticize the Shah's regime, if Khomeini seized power in Iran, the Iranian people would suffer an even greater loss of freedom, and that Khomeini would deprive women of political and social rights.

Ledeen's phrase, "''faster, please''" has become a signature Meme in Ledeen's writings and is often referenced by Neoconservative writers advocating a more forceful and broader " War On Terror " to be conducted primarily by political support for democratic revolutionaries in the Middle East.


CONTROVERSIAL THEORIES


Ledeen's ''

Ledeen, a prominent and incessant advocate of regime change in Iran, as he had earlier supported the dissident movements within the Soviet Empire, has also stated that Iran is the main backer of the Insurgency in Iraq and even supports the al-Qaida network led by Al-Zarqawi which has, in reality, declared Jihad against Shi'ite Muslims. He cited German and Italian court documents--some of which were also reported in "Newsweek" magazine --that show Zarqawi created a European terrorist network while based in Tehran. Ledeen is a board member of the " Coalition For Democracy In Iran " (CDI), founded by Morris Amitay , a former lobbyist for the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). Ledeen has also been part of the board of the U.S. Committee For A Free Lebanon . According to the '' Washington Post '', quoted by '' Asia Times '', he is the only full-time international affairs analyst regularly consulted by Karl Rove , George W. Bush 's closest advisor

He also supported the theory that the Bulgarian Secret Service was behind Grey Wolves member Mehmet Ali Ağca 's 1981 attempt to assassinate Pope John Paul II . This Conspiracy Theory was opposed to another one, which pointed toward Gladio 's influence, a NATO network known for having supported the Grey Wolves and the Strategy Of Tension in Italy.


WORK

  • ''Universal fascism; the Theory and Practice of the Fascist International, 1928-1936'', New York, H. Fertig, 1972

  • co-written with Renzo De Felice ''Fascism : An Informal Introduction To Its Theory And Practice'', New Brunswick, N.J. : Transaction Books, 1976 ISBN 0878551905.

  • ''The First Duce : D'Annunzio at Fiume'', Baltimore ; London : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977 ISBN 0801818605.

  • ''Italy In Crisis'', Beverly Hills {Link without Title} : Sage publications, 1977 ISBN 0803907923.

  • co-written with George Mosse ''Nazism : A Historical and Comparative Analysis of National Socialism'', New Brunswick, N.J. : Transaction Books, 1978 ISBN 0878556613.

  • co-written with William Lewis ''Debacle, The American Failure In Iran'', New York : Knopf :distributed by Random House, 1981 ISBN 0394516577.

  • ''Grave New World'', New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 0195034910.

  • ''West European Communism And American Foreign Policy'', New Brunswick, N.J., U.S.A. : Transaction Books, 1987 ISBN 0887381405.

  • ''Perilous Statecraft : An Insider's Account of the Iran-Contra Affair'', New York : Scribner, 1988 ISBN 0684189941.

  • ''Superpower Dilemmas : the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. at Century's End'', New Brunswick, U.S.A. : Transaction Publishers, 1992 ISBN 0887388914.

  • ''Freedom Betrayed : how America led a Global Democratic Revolution, won the Cold War, and Walked Away'', Washington, D.C. : AEI Press ; London : Distributed outside the United States by arrangement with Eurospan, 1996 ISBN 0844739928.

  • ''Machiavelli on Modern leadership : Why Machiavelli's Iron Rules Are As Timely And Important Today As Five Centuries Ago'', New York : Truman Talley Books/St. Martin's Press, 1999 ISBN 031220471X.

  • ''The War Against The Terror Masters: why it happened, where we are now, how we'll win'', New York : St. Martin's Press, 2002 ISBN 031230644X.



ENDNOTES




REFERENCES

  • "Ledeen Seems To Relish Iran Insider's Role," Charles R. Babcock. The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.: Feb 2, 1987. pg. a.01.

  • {Link without Title} FINAL ''REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT COUNSEL FOR IRAN/CONTRA MATTERS'' Volume I: "Investigations and Prosecution", Lawrence E. Walsh, Independent Counsel, 4 August 4 1993, Washington, D.C.

  • {Link without Title} Michael Ledeen, "Scowcroft Strikes Out," ''National Review'', 6 August 2002.

  • {Link without Title} John Laughland, "Flirting with Fascism," ''The American Conservative'', 30 June 2003.



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