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| politics of imperial russia | |
| jewish russian and soviet history | |
| antisemitism | |
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The systematic policy of discrimination banned Jew s from all rural areas and towns of less than ten thousand people, even within the Pale Of Settlement . Strict Quota s were placed on the number of Jews allowed into secondary and higher education and many professions. The laws remained in effect until 1917 and provided the impetus for mass Emigration . In the period from 1881 to 1920 , more than two million of Jews left Russian Empire .
The respressive legislation was repeatedly revised. In 1887 , the quotas were tightened down to 10% within the Pale, 5% outside the Pale, except Moscow and St. Petersburg which were held at 3%. For many towns in the Pale with significant Jewish population, this resulted in half-empty schools and a number of potential students forbidden to enroll. Many students were unable to complete their education on the soil of their birth. Many historians note the concurrence of the state-enforced Anti-Semitic policies with waves of Pogroms . In 1889 , Jews were forbidden admission to Law Bar Association . Alexander's note on a margin of a memorandum urging curtailing of repressive practices read: "But we must never forget that the Jews have crucified our Master and have shed his precious blood." "The proportion of Jewish doctors working in the army was not allowed to exceed 5%, while any Jewish lawyer who wished to become a barrister needed the express consent of the Minister of Justice. And at the end of the reign the right of Jews to sell alcohol was revoked." In 1886 , an Edict Of Expulsion was applied to Jews of Kiev . In the spring of 1891 , Moscow was Cleansed of its Jews (except few deemed Useful ) and a newly built Synagogue was closed by the city's authorities headed by governor-general Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, the tsar's brother. About 20,000 were expelled, causing international condemnations. In his December 9 , 1891 speech to the US Congress , the US President Benjamin Harrison said:
In s had to be subjugated to minority governing the town against Jewish interests." The next year, the ''Law Concerning the Names'' ("Об именах") imposed criminal punishment on those Jews who tried to "adopt Christian names" and dictated that Jews must use their birth names ("какими они означены в метрических книгах") in business, writings, advertisements, nametags, etc. In 1893-1894, some areas of the Crimean Peninsula were cut out of the Pale. Alexander III died in Crimea on October 20 , 1894 and according to Simon Dubnow , "as the body of the deceased was carried by railway to St. Petersburg , the same rails were carrying the Jewish exiles from Yalta to the Pale. The reign of Alexander III ended symbolically. It began with pogroms and concluded with expulsions." Most of Russian Jewish emigrants settled in the United States , some made Aliyah to the Land Of Israel , then a province of the Ottoman Empire . FOOTNOTES |
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