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However, the first two Lucas numbers are ''L''0 = 2 and ''L''1 = 1 instead of 0 and 1, and the properties of the Lucas sequence are therefore somewhat different from those of the Fibonacci sequence. The sequence of Lucas numbers begins:
: 2 , 1 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 11 , 18 , 29 , 47 , 76 , 123, ...

The Lucas numbers are related to the Fibonacci numbers by the identities
:L_n = F_{n-1}+F_{n+1},
:F_{2n} = L_n F_n.

Their closed formula is given as:
:L_n = arphi^n + (- arphi)^{-n}

where arphi is the golden ratio.


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