- Aqua Fortis - Nitric Acid , can be formed by 2 parts saltpetre in 1 part (pure) oil of vitrol. (Historically, this process could not have been used, as 98% oil of vitrol was not available?)
- Aqua Ragia / Spirit Of Turpentine / Oil Of Turpentine / Gum Turpentine - Turpentine , formed by the distillation of Pine tree Resin .
- Aqua Regia (Latin: "royal water") - a mixture of aqua fortis and spirit of salt.
- Aqua Tofani - Arsenic Trioxide . Extremely poisonous.
- Aqua Vitae / Spirit Of Wine - Ethanol , formed by distilling wine
- Auric Hydroxide - formed by precipitation by potash from gold dissolved in aqua regis.
- Bismuth / Wismuth
- Blende
- Blue Vitriol / Bluestone - A mineral; Copper(II) Sulfate pentahydrate.
- Brimstone - Sulfur .
- Flowers Of Sulphur - formed by distilling sulphur.
- Butter Of Antimony - Antimony Trichloride . formed by distilling roasted stibnite with corrosive sublimate, or dissolving stibnite in hot concentrated hydrochloric acid and distilling.
- Cadmia / Tuttia / Tutty - probably Zinc Carbonate .
- Calamine - Zinc Carbonate .
- Calomel / Horn Quicksilver / Horn Mercury - Mercury(I) Chloride , a very poisonous purgative formed by subliming a mixture of mercuric chloride and metallic mercury, triturated in a mortar and heated in an iron pot. The crust formed on the lid was ground to powder and boiled with water to remove the calomel.
- Caustic Potash / Caustic Wood Alkali - Potassium Hydroxide , formed by adding lime to potash.
- Caustic Soda / Caustic Marine Alkali - Sodium Hydroxide , formed by adding lime to natron.
- Caustic Volatile Alkali - Ammonium Hydroxide .
- Chalk - a mineral; Calcium Carbonate .
- Chrome Green - Chromic Oxide and Cobalt Oxide .
- Chrome Orange - chrome yellow and chrome red.
- Chrome Red - basic Lead Chromate - PbCrO4+PbO.
- Chrome Yellow / Paris Yellow / Leipzig Yellow - Lead Chromate - PbCrO4.
- ).
- Copper Glance - Copper(I) Sulfide ore.
- Corrosive Sublimate - Mercuric Chloride , formed by subliming mercury, calcined green vitriol, common salt and nitre.
- Cuprite - Copper(I) Oxide ore.
- Dutch White - a pigment, formed from one part of white lead to three of barium sulphate.
- Flowers Of Antimony
- Fool's Gold - A mineral; Iron Disulfide or Pyrite , can form oil of vitriol on contact with water and air.
- Fulminating Silver - Silver Nitride , formed by dissolving Silver(I) Oxide in ammonia. Very explosive when dry
- Fulminating Gold - Gold Hydrazide , formed by adding ammonia to the auric hydroxide. When dry, can explode on concussion.
- Galena - Lead(II) Sulfide . Lead ore.
- Glass Of Antimony - impure Antimony Tetroxide , formed by roasting stibnite. A yellow pigment for glass and porcelain.
- Glauber's Salt - Sodium Sulfate .
- Green Vitriol - A mineral; Iron(II) Sulfate heptahydrate. (or Ferrous Sulphate )
- Marcasite - A mineral; Iron Disulphide . In moist air it turns into green vitriol.
- Rouge / Crocus / Colcothar - Ferric Oxide , formed by burning green vitriol in air.
- Gum Arabic - gum from the Acacia Tree .
- Gypsum - A mineral; Calcium Sulfate .
- Horn Silver / Argentum Cornu - An ore of silver chloride.
- Luna Cornea - Silver Chloride , formed by heating horn silver till it liquifies and then cooling.
- King's Yellow - formed by mixing orpiment with white arsenic.
- Lead Fume - Lead Oxide , found in flues at lead smelters.
- Lime / Quicklime (Burnt Lime)/ Calx Viva / Unslaked Lime - Calcium Oxide , formed by cooking Limestone .
- Slaked Lime - Calcium Hydroxide .
- Lunar Caustic / Lapis Infernalis - Silver Nitrate , formed by dissolving Silver in aqua fortis and evaporating.
- Liver Of Sulphur - formed by fusing potash and sulphur.
- Lye - potash in a water solution, formed by leaching wood ashes.
- Potash / Salt Of Tartar - Potassium Carbonate , formed by evaporating lye.
- Pearlash - formed by baking potash in a kiln.
- Massicot - Lead Monoxide .
- Litharge - Lead Monoxide , formed by fusing and powdering massicot.
- Minium / Red Lead - Trilead Tetroxide , formed by roasting litharge in air.
- Naples Yellow / Cassel Yellow - Oxychloride Of Lead , formed by heating litharge with sal ammoniac.
- Milk Of Sulphur (lac sulphuris) - formed by adding an acid to thion hudor.
- Mercurius Praecipitatus - red Mercuric Oxide .
- Mosaic Gold - Stannic Sulfide , formed by heating a mixture of tin filings, sulphur and sal-ammoniac.
- Natron - Sodium Carbonate .
- Nitrum Flammans - Ammonium Nitrate .
- Oil Of Vitriol / Spirit Of Vitriol - Sulphuric Acid , a weak version can be formed by heating green vitriol and blue vitriol.
- Orpiment - Arsenic Trisulfide , an ore of arsenic.
- Pearl White - nitrate of bismuth.
- Philosophers' Wool / Nix Alba (white snow)/ Zinc White - Zinc Oxide , formed by burning zinc in air, used as a pigment.
- Plumbago - a mineral; Graphite , not discovered in pure form until 1564.
- Powder Of Algaroth - Antimonious Oxychloride , formed by precipitation when a solution of butter of antimony and spirit of salt is poured into water.
- Purple Of Cassius - formed by precipitating a mixture of gold, stannous and stannic chlorides, with alkali. Used for glass coloring.
- Realgar - Arsenic Disulfide , an ore of arsenic.
- Regulus Of Antimony
- Resin Of Copper - Copper(I) Chloride (cuprous chloride), formed by heating copper with corrosive sublimate.
- Sal Ammoniac - Ammonium Chloride .
- / Saltpetre / Nitrate Of Potash - Potassium Nitrate , typically mined from covered dungheaps.
- Salt / Common Salt - A mineral; Sodium Chloride , formed by evaporating sea-water (impure form).
- Soda / Soda Ash - Sodium Carbonate .
- Spirit Of Box / Pyroxylic Spirit - distillation of Wood Alcohol .
- Spirit Of Hartshorn - Ammonia , formed by the decomposition of sal-ammoniac by unslaked lime.
- Spirit Of Hartshorn / Sal Volatile - Ammonium Carbonate formed by distilling bones and horns.
- Spirit Of Salt / Acidum Salis - The liquid form of Hydrochloric Acid (also called muriatic acid), formed by mixing Common Salt with oil of vitriol.
- Marine Acid Air - Gaseous form of hydrochloric acid.
- Spiritus Fumans - Stannic Chloride , formed by distilling tin with corrosive sublimate.
- Tin Salt - hydrated Stannous Chloride .
- Butter Of Tin - hydrated Tin(IV) Chloride .
- Stibnite - Antimony or Antimony Trisulfide , ore of antimony.
- Sugar Of Lead - Lead Acetate , formed by dissolving lead oxide in vinegar.
- Thion Hudor - formed by boiling flowers of sulfur with slaked lime.
- Turpeth Mineral - hydrolysed form of Mercury(II) Sulfate .
- Verdigris - Carbonate Of Copper or (more recently) Copper Acetate . The carbonate is formed by weathering copper. The acetate is formed by vinegar acting on copper. One version was used as a green pigment.
- White Arsenic - Arsenious Oxide , formed by subliminating arsenical soot from the roasting ovens.
- White Lead - Carbonate Of Lead , a pigment.
- White Vitriol - Zinc Sulfate , formed by lixiviating roasted zinc blende.
- Venetian White - formed from equal parts of white lead and barium sulphate.
- Zaffre - impure Cobalt Arsenate , formed after roasting cobalt ore.
- Zinc Blende - Zinc Sulfide .
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