- Paradox Of Entailment : Inconsistent premises always make an argument valid.
- Raven Paradox (or Hempel's Ravens): Observing a red apple increases the likelihood of all ravens being black.
- Horse Paradox : All horses are the same color.
- (Condorcet paradox): Non-transitive collective preferences. -->
- Russell's Paradox : Does the set of all those sets that do not contain themselves contain itself?
- .)
- Richard's Paradox : We appear to be able to use simple English to define a decimal expansion in a way which is self-contradictory.
These form a well-known (and well-studied) class having in common that any permissible assignment of semantic value (truth, reference) to an expression immediately implies the assignment of a different value.
- Berry Paradox : What is "The first number not nameable in under ten words"? (And has it not just been named in nine?)
- Curry's Paradox : "If this sentence is true, the world will end in a week."
- Epimenides Paradox : A Cretan says "All Cretans are liars". Not really a paradox, as the Cretan who says the original statement could be the only liar among Cretans.
- Exception Paradox : "If there is an exception to every rule, is there an exception to the rule that states that there is an exception to every rule?"
- .)
- Hegel 's paradox: "Man learns from history that man learns nothing from history."
- Liar Paradox : "This sentence is false."
- Missing Dollar Paradox : Faulty logic makes it appear as if a dollar from a restaurant bill has gone missing. Not in the same class as the others.
- The Y Combinator in the Lambda Calculus and Combinatory Logic has been called the Paradoxical Combinator since it is related to the self-referential antinomies.
- Petronius ' paradox: "Moderation in all things, including moderation."
- Quine's Paradox : "Yields a falsehood when appended to its own quotation" yields a falsehood when appended to its own quotation.
- "Love is undefinable."
- Paradox Of The Court
- Choice Paradox "If I were to request a million dollars from you, would your answer be the same as the answer to this question?"
- Ship Of Theseus (a.k.a. George Washington's axe): When every component of the ship has been replaced at least once, is it still the same ship?
- Sorites Paradox : At what point does a heap stop being a heap as I take away grains of sand? Alternately, at what point does someone become bald?
: which door do you choose?]]
- Apportionment Paradox : Some systems of apportioning representation can have unintuitive results
- --- Alabama Paradox
- --- New States Paradox
- --- Population Paradox
- Arrow's Paradox / Voting Paradox You can't have all the attributes of an ideal Voting System at once.
- , whether defined as the Mean or Median , leads to apparently paradoxical results - for example, it is possible that moving an entry from Wikipedia to Wiktionary would increase the average entry length on sites
- Benford's Law : In lists of numbers from many real-life sources of data, the leading digit 1 occurs much more often than the others.
- Berkson's Paradox
- Bertrand's Paradox (probability) : Different common-sense definitions of randomness give quite different results.
- Birthday Paradox : What is the chance that two people in a room have the same birthday?
- Borel's Paradox : Conditional probability density functions are not invariant under coordinate transformations.
- Elevator Paradox : Elevators can seem to be mostly going in one direction, as if they were being manufactured in the middle of the building and being disassembled on the roof and basement.
- Hodgson's Paradox : the ratio of two Gaussian random variables has neither mean nor variance.
- Inspection Paradox : Why you will wait longer for that bus than you should.
- Monty Hall Problem : An unintuitive consequence of conditional probability.
- Simpson's Paradox : An association in sub-populations may be reversed in the population. It appears that two sets of data separately support a certain hypothesis, but, when considered together, they support the opposite hypothesis.
- Sleeping Beauty Paradox : One half or one third? news://rec.puzzles cannot agree on a probability.
- Statistical paradox: It is quite possible to draw wrong conclusions from Correlation . For example, towns with a larger number of churches generally have a higher crime rate — because both result from higher population. A professional organisation once found that Economist s with a Ph.D. actually had a lower average salary than those with a BS — but this was found to be due to the fact that those with a Ph.D. worked in Academia , where salaries are generally lower. This is also called a Spurious Relationship .
- Low Birth Weight Paradox : Low birth weight and mothers who smoke contribute to a higher mortality rate. Babies of smokers have lower average birth weight, but low birth weight babies born to smokers have a lower mortality rate than other low birth weight babies.
- Two-envelope Paradox : Given two envelopes, one of which contains twice as much money as the other, the benefit seems always to lie in switching from one to the other, and never sticking with your original choice.
- s formed a Set , it would be an ordinal number which is smaller than itself.
- , Diagonal Argument )
- ly many rooms is full, it can still take in more guests.
- Monty Hell Problem : Positive daily profits yield zero assets in the (infinite) limit.
- infinite models of Set Theory contain Uncountably infinite sets.
: A ball can be decomposed and reassembled into two balls the same size as the original.]]
- Banach–Tarski Paradox : Cut a ball into 5 pieces, re-assemble the pieces to get two balls, both of equal size to the first.
- and various other Fractal s have finite area, but infinite perimeter (in fact, there are no two distinct points on the border of the Mandelbrot set that can be reached from one another by moving a finite distance along the border, which also implies that in a sense you go no further if you walk "the wrong way" around the set to reach a nearby point).
- Hausdorff Paradox : There exists a countable subset C of the sphere S such that S\C is equidecomposable with two copies of itself.
''' states that it is possible to turn a sphere inside out in 3-space with possible self-intersections but without creating any crease. One such construction, a Morin Surface , seen from "above".]]
- Abilene Paradox : People can make decisions based not on what they actually want to do, but on what they think that other people want to do, with the result that everybody decides to do something that nobody really wants to do, but only what they thought that everybody else wanted to do.
- choice be made between two outcomes of equal Value ?
- Control Paradox : Man can never be free of control, for to be free of control is to be controlled by oneself.
- Paradox Of Hedonism : When one pursues happiness itself, one is miserable; but, when one pursues something else, one achieves happiness.
- opponent?
- Kavka's Toxin Puzzle : Can one ''intend'' to drink the deadly toxin, if the intention is the only thing needed to get the reward?
See Also: physical paradox
- Black Hole Information Paradox : Black holes violate a commonly assumed tenet of science - that information cannot be destroyed.
- Braess' Paradox : Sometimes adding extra capacity to a network can reduce overall performance.
- Carroll's Paradox : The angular momentum of a stick should be zero, but is not.
- liquid produces no drag.
- s (such as the Water Strider ) should not be able to propel themselves horizontally.
- ?
- , is Entropy an Extensive Variable ?
- The s have been observed which seem to violate the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin Limit which is a consequence of Special Relativity .
- are Invariant Under Time Reversal ? The time reversal symmetry of physical laws appears to allow the second law of thermodynamics to be broken.
- Mpemba Paradox : Hot water can under certain conditions freeze faster than cold water, even though it must pass the lower temperature on the way to freezing.
- Olbers' Paradox Why is the night sky black if there is an infinity of stars?
- Parrondo's Paradox : It is possible to play two losing games alternately to eventually win.
- of a Relativistic object (such as a Bullet ) appears to change when the reference frame is changed from one in which the bullet is at rest to one in which the fluid is at rest.
- Twin Paradox : When the travelling twin returns, he is younger and older than his brother who stayed put.
's self-flowing flask fills itself in this diagram, but Perpetual Motion Machines do not exist.]]
- Fermi Paradox : If there are many other sentient species in the Universe, then where are they? Shouldn't their presence be obvious?
- and kill your grandfather before he meets your grandmother which precludes your own conception and, therefore, you couldn't go back in time and kill your grandfather.
- Liberal Paradox
- Mere Addition Paradox : Is a large population living barely tolerable lives better than a small happy population?
- Nihilist Paradox : If truth does not exist, the statement "truth does not exist" is a truth, thereby proving itself incorrect.
- being create a rock too heavy to lift? Can an irresistible force move an unmovable object?
- Paradox Of Hedonism : in seeking pleasure, one does not find happiness.
- Predestination Paradox : A man travels back in time and impregnates his great-great-grandmother. The result is a line of offspring and descendants, including the man's parent(s) and the man himself. Therefore, unless he makes the time-travel trip at all, he will never exist.
- Epicurean paradox, or Problem Of Evil : The existence of evil seems to be incompatible with the existence of an omnipotent and caring God.
- Moore's Paradox : "It's raining, but I don't believe that it is."
- Zeno's Paradoxes : "You will never reach point B from point A as you must always get half-way there, and half of the half, and half of that half, and so on..."
- Abilene Paradox : A group of people often has to decide against its own interests.
- Arrow's Paradox : No voting system meets all of a certain set of criteria when there are three or more choices.
- both find themselves with no profits.
- Bird In The Bush paradox: Why are people so risk-averse?
- Diamond-water Paradox (or paradox of value) Why is water cheaper than diamonds, when humans need water to survive, not diamonds?
- Edgeworth Paradox : With capacity constraints, there may not be an equilibrium.
- Ellsberg Paradox : A paradoxical result in experimental decision theory.
- Gibson's Paradox : Why were interest rates and prices correlated?
- Giffen Paradox : Can increasing the price of bread make poor people eat more of it?
- Jevons Paradox : Increases in efficiency lead to even larger increases in demand.
- .
- Paradox Of Thrift : If everyone saves more money during times of recession, then aggregate demand will fall and will in turn lower total savings in the population.
- Value .
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