Many MS-DOS commands are similar to, or based on these commands. See List Of DOS Commands for more information.
- Admin – Administer SCCS files
- Rmdel – remove a delta from an SCCS file
- Dirname – Strip non–directory suffixes from a path
- Dd – Convert and copy a file (Disk Dump)
- Echo – Print to standard output
- Env – Show environment variables; run a program with altered environment variables
- Nohup – Run a command with immunity to hangups outputting to non–tty
- File (or stat) – Determine the type of a file
- Strip – Discard symbols from object files
- Uptime – Print how long the system has been running
- Sh – The Bourne shell, the standard Unix shell
- Fuser – Identify processes by files or sockets
- Newgrp (or Sg ) – Log in to a new group
- Pathchk – Check the validity/portability of filenames
- Logger – Make entries in the system log
- Ipcs – Provide information on IPC facilities
- Ipcrm – Remove a message queue, semaphore set or shared memory id
- Date – Print or set the system date and/or time
- Uname – Print assorted system statistics
- Dmesg – Print the kernel message buffer
- Nice – Alter priorities for processes
- Time – Time a command
- Top – Produce a dynamic list of all resident processes
- Wait – Wait for the specified process
- Renice – Alter the priorities of an already running process
- Chroot – Change the system root directory for all Child Process es
- Timex – Time process shell execution, measure process data and system activity
- Kill – Send a signal to process, or terminate a process (by PID)
- Killall – Terminate all processes (in Linux, it's kill by name)
- Crontab – Crontab file editor
- At – Single–time command scheduler
- Cron – Periodic command scheduler
- Daemonic – Interface to daemon init scripts
- Sleep – Delay for specified time
- Pgrep – Find PIDs of processes by name
- Pidof – Linux equivalent of Pgrep
- Pkill – Send a signal to process, or terminate a process (by name). Equivalent to Linux Killall
- Ps – Report process status
- Anacron – Periodic command scheduler
- Su – Start a new process (defaults to shell) as a different user (defaults to root)
- Logname – Print user's login name
- Passwd – User and group entries for daemons
- Write – Send a message to another user
- Mesg – Control write access to your terminal
- Who – Show who is logged on
- W – Show logged-in users and their current tasks
- Id – Print real/effective UIDs/GIDs
- Man – Manual browser
- Locale – Get locale specific information
- Localedef – Compile locale definitions
- Sudo – Used to grant permission to carry out specific operations for specific users or groups.
- Stty – Change and print terminal line settings
- Tty – Print filename of terminal connected to standard input
- Tput – Initialize a terminal/query terminfo database
- Chgrp – Change the group of a file or directory
- Chmod – Change the permissions of a file or directory
- Chown – Change the owner of a file or directory
- Cp – Copy a file or directory to another location
- Df – Report disk space
- Du – Calculate used disk space
- Fdupes – Find or remove duplicate files within a directory
- Find – Search for files through a directory hierarchy
- Fsck – Filesystem check
- Ln – Link one file/directory to another
- Ls – List directory contents
- Mkdir – Make a directory
- Mkfifo – Make a named pipe
- Mount – Mount a Filesystem
- Mv – Move or rename a file or directory
- Pwd – Print the current working directory
- Rm – Delete a file or directory tree
- Rmdir – Delete an empty directory
- Touch – Create a new file or update its modification time
- Tree – Print a depth-indented tree of a given directory
- Unlink – System call to remove a file or directory
- Lsof – list open files
- Afio – Compatible superset of Cpio with added functionality
- Ar – Maintain, modify, and extract from archives. Now largely obsoleted by Tar
- Bzip2 – Block–sorting file compressor
- Compress – Traditional compressor using the LZW Algorithm
- Cpio – A traditional archiving tool/format
- Gzip – The gzip file compressor
- Pax – POSIX archive tool that handles multiple formats.
- Tar – Tape ARchiver, concatenates files
- Uncompress – Uncompresses files compressed with ''compress''.
- Zcat – Prints files to stdout from gzip archives without unpacking them to separate file(s)
- Awk – A pattern scanning and processing language
- Cat – Concatenate files to standard output
- Cmp – Compare two files byte for byte
- Comm – Sort two files and compare them line for line
- Csplit – Split a file into sections determined by context lines
- Cut – Remove sections from each line of a file or standard input
- Diff – Compare two files line by line
- Expand – Convert tabs to spaces
- Fold – Wrap each input line to fit within the given width
- Grep – Print lines matching a pattern (now largely superseded by Egrep )
- Join – Join lines of two files on a common field
- Merge – Three way merge of files (see also Paste )
- Nl – Number the lines of a file
- Paste – Merge lines of files
- Patch – Change files based on a patch file
- Rev – reverse lines of a file
- Sed – Stream EDitor
- Sort – Sort lines of text files
- Split – Split a file into pieces
- Tac – in reverse — displays files to standard output in reverse order starting at the end of the file
- Tail – Output the tail end of files
- Tee – Read from standard input, write to standard output and files
- Tr – Translate characters
- Unexpand – Convert spaces to tabs
- Uniq – Remove duplicate lines from a sorted file
- Wc – Word/line/byte count
- Ed – Traditional line-based Unix text editor
- Emacs – Powerful Lisp –based text editor and general computing environment
- Ex – Text editor, often a Symbolic Link to vi (or vim) which causes it to run in ex emulation mode
- NEdit – The multi-purpose X11 editor
- Nano – Clone of pico
- Pico – PIne's message COmposition editor
- Sam – Bitmapped text editor with client-server design, by Rob Pike
- Vi – Visual text editor
- Vim – Vi IMproved, vi clone with Syntax Highlighting and many other enhancements
- XEmacs – Popular version of emacs that is derived from GNU Emacs
- Iconv – Convert the encoding of the specified files
- Nkf – Convert Japanese characters
- Fc – Processes the command history list
- Tsort – Perform a Topological Sort
- Head – Output the first parts of a file
- Less – Improved More –like text pager
- More – Pager
- Od – Dump files in various formats, e.g. octal
- Cksum – Print the CRC checksum and bytecount of a file (see also MD5 )
- Uudecode – Decodes a binary file that was used for transmission using electronic mail
- Uuencode – Encodes a binary file for transmission using electronic mail
- Xinetd – replacement for Inetd
- Fingerd – a daemon for finger – a program used return a human-readable status report on either the system at the moment or a particular person in depth
- Inetd – a Daemon on many Unix systems that manages Internet services
- Dhcpd – the DHCP daemon
- Ifconfig – a tool used to configure a network interface for TCP/IP
- Ping – a network tool that tests of whether a particular host is up and reachable on the network
- Pppd – Point-to-Point protocol daemon
- Tcpd – Secures programs launched from Inetd
- Ethereal – a protocol analyzer, or "packet sniffer", similar to Tcpdump , that adds a GUI frontend, and more sorting and filtering options
- Tethereal – text based version of "Ethereal"
- Ettercap – a tool for network protocol analysis
- John The Ripper – password cracking software
- Nmap – free port scanning software
- Nessus – a comprehensive open-source network vulnerability scanning program
- SATAN – the Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks – a testing and reporting tool that collects information about networked hosts
- Snort – an open source network intrusion detection system
- Tcpdump – a computer network debugging tool that intercepts and displays TCP/IP packets being transmitted or received
- Uux – Remote command execution over UUCP
- Uustat – a Basic Networking Utilities (BNU) command that displays status information about several types of BNU operations
- Elm – Unix mail utility program
- Mail – Original Email utility
- Mailx – Improved Email utility
- Mutt – Curses based mail reader
- Talk – Talk to another logged-in user
The classic UNIX environment includes a basic set of broadly available
programming tools, but in the 21st century this classic environment is
increasingly rare, as UNIX-like operating system distributions diversify.
Some include vastly more, and more modern and sophisticated, programming
tools and environments, whereas others, focussing on serving a less
technical audience, may disinclude even the most rudimentary programming
utilities. Commands most familiar to a prior generation of UNIX users include:
- C99 – C programming language
- cc – C Compiler
- Ld – Program linker
- Ctags – Generate tags file summarising location of objects in source files
- Distcc – Tool for distributing compiles across multiple machines
- F77 – Fortran 77 compiler
- Gcc – GNU Compiler Collection C frontend (also known as GNU C Compiler)
- Dbx – (System V and BSD) Symbolic debugger
- Gdb – GNU symbolic debugger
- Lex – Lexical scanner generator
- Yacc – LALR parser generator
- M4 – Macro language
- Make – Automate builds
- Nm – List symbols from object files
- Strip – Remove debugging symbols from object files
- Strace – (Linux) or Truss (Solaris) Trace system calls with their arguments and signals. Useful debugging tool, but does not trace calls outside the kernel, in the address space of the process(es) being watched.
- Ltrace – (Linux) Trace dynamic library calls in the address space of the watched process.
- Ktrace – (BSD) Analogous to strace.
- expr – Evaluate expressions
- exit – Exit shell, optionally with return code
- return – Return from shell function
- false – Return a value that evaluates as False
- true – Return a value that evaluates as True
- Xargs – Build and execute command lines from standard input
- Basename – Returns the final component of a path
- Batch – Runs jobs when the system load level permits
- Unset – Unsets a shell variable
- break – terminate a loop before maturity
- Continue – Skip the current iteration of a loop
- Strings – Print strings of printable characters found in a file
- Times
- Test – Test an expression
- Hash – Command that remembers or reports command path names
- shift
- X11 – Graphical user interface (GUI)
- Blackbox and its variants (including Fluxbox and Waimea )
- CDE – Common Desktop Environment, most commonly found on proprietary UNIX systems
- Enlightenment – an open source window manager for the X Window System
- Fvwm and its variant Fvwm95, which has been modified to behave like Windows 95
- GNOME – GNU Network Object Model Environment
- IceWM – ICE Window Manager
- JWM – Joe's Window Manager
- KDE – K Desktop Environment
- Quartz Compositor – Apple 's GUI interface for the Darwin BSD based operating system Mac OS X
- Window Maker
- WMI – Window Manager Improved
- XFce – a desktop environment for Unix and other Unix-like platforms
- Bash – Bourne Again SHell, standard shell on Linux systems
- Csh – C shell
- Ksh – Korn shell, standard shell on most proprietary Unix systems
- Rc – originally written for Plan 9
- Sh – Bourne shell, only shell present on all UNIX and Unix-like systems
- Tcsh – TENEX C shell, standard shell on BSD systems
- Zsh – Z shell
- Enigmail – Graphical interface to Gpg for Mozilla Application Suite and Mozilla Thunderbird
- Gpg – GNU Privacy Guard, a complete and free replacement for PGP (to do file and email encryption and signature)
- Openssl – Secure Sockets Layer and general crypto library
- Pinepgp – Filters which enable pine to use signed/encrypted email
- Mcrypt -- Replacement for the legacy crypt program, can also make OpenPGP-compatible files.
- Fink – The Fink package manager
- Groff – Traditional typesetting system
- LaTeX – Popular TeX macro package for higher–level typesetting
- Lp – Print a file (on a line printer)
- Passepartout – Desktop publishing program
- Pr – Convert text files for printing
- Printf – Format and print data
- Scribus – Desktop publishing program
- TeX – High–quality macro–based typesetting system
- Troff – The original and standard Unix typesetting system
- Maxima – Symbol manipulation program.
- Units – Unit conversion program.
- Octave – Numerical computing language (mostly compatible with Matlab ) and environment.
- R – Statistical programming language.
- Dc – Reverse-Polish desk calculator which supports unlimited precision arithmetic
- Fortune – Fortune cookie program that prints a random quote
- Bc – An arbitrary precision calculator language with syntax similar to the C programming language.
- Cal – Displays a calendar
- TLF – Contest logging software
- KLog – Logging software
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