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The following list consists of concepts that are derived from both Islam and Arab tradition, which are expressed as words in the Arabic Language . The main purpose of this list is to disambiguate multiple spellings, to make note of spellings no longer in use for these concepts, to define the concept in one or two lines, to make it easy for one to find and pin down specific concepts, and to provide a guide to unique concepts of Islam all in one place. Separating concepts in Islam from concepts specific to Arab Culture , or from the language itself, can be difficult. Many Arabic concepts have an Arabic secular meaning as well as an Islamic meaning. One example is the concept of Dawah . Among the complexities of the Arabic language is that a single word can have multiple meanings. The word ''Islam'' is itself a good example. Readers should also note that Arabic is written in its own Alphabet , with letters, symbols, and Orthographic conventions that do not have exact equivalents in the Latin Alphabet (see Arabic Alphabet ). The following list is a Transliteration of Arabic terms and phrases. Consequently, Muslim s may transliterate certain Arabic words differently, such as ''din'' as opposed to ''deen'', and ''aqidah'' as opposed to ''aqeedah''. Most items in the list also contain their actual Arabic spelling. __NOTOC__ A ; day of the month of Muharram . In particular, it is a day on which Shias , worldwide, mourn the death of the third Shia Imam , Husayn Ibn Ali , along with his family and companions, who were killed in the famous battle in Karbala . ; Adab () : Traditionally describes good manners, as in etiquette. For example, being courteous is good adab. However, the term can be used very broadly, and the proper translation would be "the proper way to get about something," as in the example, Aadaab al Qitaal, or, "The Proper Way of Fighting in War," (Qitaal in Arabic means mortal combat) in which the word "etiquette" does not befit the context. ; Abd (): servant, worshipper, slave. Muslims consider themselves servants and slaves of God. A common Muslim name is Abd'allah/Abdullah, or Servant of Allah. AbdulMalik (Slave of the King), AbduRrahmaan (Slave of the most Merciful), AbdulSsalaam (Slave of Peace) etc. ; (prayer) ; , Economic , Political , Environmental . ; , Christians , "Sabians" (probably Mandaeans ), and sometimes Zoroastrians ; Ahad (أحد): literally "only." Islamically, ahad means One Alone, unique, none like God. Al-Wahid is one of the names of Allah. ; Ahkam (أحكام): rulings and orders of the Qu'ran and Sunnah. Five kinds of orders: Wajib, Mustahab, Muharram, Makruh, and Halal. ; Ahlul Bayt (أهل البيت) : members of Prophet Muhammad's Household. Also known among Shia as the Masumin (infallibles; spiritually pure). ; Akhlaq (أخلاق): The practice of virtue. Morals. ; Alamin (عالمين): Literally "worlds", humankind, jinn, angels and all that exists ; Alhamdulillah (الحمد لله) : "Praise to God!" Qur'anic exclamation ; Aliyan Waliullah : "Ali is the viceregent of God" ; Allahu Akbar (الله أكبر): "God is the Greatest." Islamic expression. ; Al-isra (الإسراء) : "Night journey" of the prophet ; , and Accountability for present deeds ; (who knows Science ) or a Theologian (who knows Religion ); similar to Japanese Sensei , "teacher" ; Amanah (أمانة): the trust. Of all creation, only human beings carry the "trust", which is free will. ; ) ; , Amir al-Muminin or (Commander of the faithful) is the religious chief. ; Ansar (أنصار): "Helpers." The Muslim converts at Medina who helped the Muslims from Mecca after the Hijrah. ; Aqidah (عقيدة) : The Islamic creed, or the six article of faith, which consists of the belief in God, Angels, Messengers and Prophets, Scriptures, the Day of Judgment, and Destiny. ; Aql (عقل): Intelligence, intellect, mind, understanding ; Arba'in (اربعين) : The number forty (40). ; Asr (العصر): The third salat prayer. The time of the day before sunset and after noon. also means "era". ; ) ; Assalamu Alaikum (السلام عليكم) : The Islamic greeting; literally "Peace be upon you". ; Astaghfirullah (أستغفر الله): "I ask God's forgiveness." Islamic expression. ; Audhu Billah : "I seek refuge in Allah" ; Auliya'a (أولياء): friends, protectors, helpers, caretaker, maintainer . (singular: wali) ; Awrah (عورة) : the part of a person's body that must be covered before everybody but a spouse. It may also be used to refer to what must be concealed of a woman before non-related men ; Ayah (آية) (plural ayat, آيات) : a sign. More specifically, a verse in the Qur'an. ; 'ism ; . ; '', Intercourse characterized by withdrawal of the penis before ejaculation. Literally means "isolation". B ; Baitullah (بيت الله): "House of God." A masjid. ; Barakah (بركة) : a blessing. Also, spiritual wisdom and blessing transmitted from master to pupil ; Barzakh (برزخ): life after death in which the soul of the deceased is transferred across the boundaries of the mortal realm into the spirit world ; Basher (بشر) : Human(s). Literally means 'face' but generally it refers to a person (man/woman) ; to denote the ability to directly perceive a transcendental Truth ;) ; Bint (بنت): daughter of ; Bismillah Ar-Rahman, Ar-Raheem (بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم): "In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful" (:''bismi-llāhi ar-raḥmāni ar-raḥīmi'') ; Burda (بردة) : not an Arabic term; means "curtain" in Persian. Means covering or to cover, an important requirement for Muslim women. C ; Caliph (خليفة) : literally successor; refers to the successor of the prophet Muhammad, the ruler of the Islamic world D ; ; means "liar" or "deceiver" ; Dallal : going astray ; Dar Al-Ahd (دار العهد) : the Ottoman Empire's relationship with its Christian tributary states ; ; Dar Al-Dawa (دار الدعوة) : a region where Islam has recently been introduced ; Dar Al-Harb (دار الحرب) : areas outside Muslim rule; the non-Islamic world ; Dar Al-Islam (دار الإسلام): the abode, or land, of Islam ; -dominated society of Mecca between his flight to Medina (the Hijra) and his triumphant return ; Dar Al-Shahada (دار الشهادة) : ''See Dar al-Amn'' ; Dawah (الدعوة) : the call to Islam ; Dervish (درويش) : a Sufi ascetic ; ), whose right to practice their religion is tolerated under Islamic law, but with lower legal status. ; Dīn (الدين) : the way of life based on Islamic revelation; the sum total of a Muslim's faith and practice. Dīn is often used to mean the faith and religion of Islam. ; Dua (دعاء) : personal prayer, supplication ; Dhikr (ذكر) : remembrance of God; Sufi spiritual exercise; Muslims believe that the primary function of prophets is to remind people of God. ; Dhuhr (الظهر): second salat prayer ; Dunya (دنيا): This world or life, as opposed to the Hereafter E ; Eid (عيد): festival or celebration. ; . ; . F ; Fajarah (فجرة): Wicked evil doers. Plural of "Fajir" (فاجر). ; Fajr (فجر): morning, as in the morning prayer. The time of the day when there is light in the horizon before sunrise. ; Falah (فلاح): success, happiness, well-being ; term meaning extinction - to die to this life while alive. Having no existence outside of God. A unity with Allah. ; Fard (فرض) : a religious duty, or an obligatory action: ''praying 5 times a day is fard'' Neglecting a fard will result in a punishment in the hereafter. ; Fasiq (فاسق): anyone who has violated Islamic law; usually refers to one whose character has been corrupted (plural "fasiqun"). ; ) binding on him and on those who follow his Taqlid ; built around the Shariah by custom ( Al-urf ). Literally means "deep understanding", refers to understanding the Islamic laws. ; . Means for the sake of Allah Subhana Wa Tala (eg. giving in charity for the sake of Allah Subhana Wa Tala) ; ''; also refers to any period of disorder, such as a civil war, or the period of time before the End Of The World or any civil strife. ; Fitrah (فطرة): innate disposition towards virtue, knowledge, and beauty. Muslims believe every child is born with fitrah. ; Furqan (فرقان): the criterion (of right and wrong, true and false); for example, the Qur'an as furqan. G ; Ghafara (غفر): (verb in past tense) to forgive, to cover up (sins). A characteristic of God. ; Ghaflah (غفلة): heedlessness, forgetfulness of God, indifference ; Ghaib (غيب): the unseen, unknown. ; Ghusl (غسل): full ablution of the whole body H ; Hadi : a guide, one who guides; A Muslim name for God is The Guide, or Al-Hadi. ; Hidaya : guidance from God. ; validated by Isnad ; with Sira these comprise the Sunnah and reveal Shariah ; Halal (حلال) : lawful, permitted, good, beneficial, praiseworthy, honourable ; Hafiz (حافظ) : someone who knows the Qur'an by heart. Literal translation = memorizer or Protector. ;. Sunnis regard this as the fifth Pillar Of Islam ; Hakim a ruler's or gubernatorial title ; Hanif (حنيف) : one of the five prophets; namely, Prophet Adam, Prophet Abraham/Ibrahim, Prophet Moses/Musa, Prophet Isa (Jesus), and Prophet Muhammad. Plural hunafa' (حنفاء). ; Haqq : truth, reality, right, righteousness. An Islamic name for God is al-haqq. ;. ; Haram (حرم) : (stress on initial syllable) sanctuary. ; Hasan : Good, beautiful, admirable. Also a categorization of a hadith's authenticity as "acceptable". (other categorizations include authenic and fabricated). ; Hijab (حجاب) : literally "cover". It describes the self-covering of the body for the purposes of modesty and dignity; broadly, a prescribed system of attitudes and behaviour regarding modesty and dignity. ; to Medina . Literally, "migration". ;, protected Forest , grazing Commons , important to Khalifa ;, or roughly 1/60th of the Qur'an ; Houries : beautiful and pure young men and women, that Muslims believe inhabit Paradise, or Heaven. ; Huda : guidance ; Hudna (هدنة) : cease-fire (often temporary) ; Hudud (حدود) : Literally, limits or boundaries. Usually refers to limits placed by God on man; penalties of the Islamic law which are described in the Qur'an. ; Hukm : ruling in the Qur'an or Sunnah I ; Ibadah (عبادة) : worship, but not limited to ritual: all expressions of servitude to Allah, including the pursuit of knowledge, living a pious life, helping, charity, and humility, can be considered ibadah. ; banished to Hell for his arrogance and disobedience; aka Shaytan : derived from the Greek Diabolos or Devil ; Iftaar : a light meal eaten by Muslims breaking their fast after sunset. ;. Includes dress and or prayer. ; Ihsan : perfection in worship, such that Muslims try to worship God as if they see Him, and although they cannot see Him, they undoubtedly believe He is constantly watching over them. ; Ijaz : how Muslims describe the character of the Qur'an in both form and content ; of either the Ummah (or just the Ulema ) - one of four bases of Islamic Law . More generally, political consensus itself. ; Ijtihad (إجتهاد) : during the early times of Islam, the possibility of finding a new solution to a juridical problem. Has not been allowed in conservative Islam since the Middle Ages. ; Ilah : deity, lord, god; not necessarily The God. ;, usually a synonym for Science ; sect use the term only as a title for one of the twelve God-appointed successors of Prophet Muhammad. ; Imamah (إمامة) or Imamate : successorship of Prophet Muhammad and the leadership of mankind. ; Iman (إيمان) : personal faith ; Infaq : the habitual inclination to give rather than take in life; the basis for charity ; to Muslims; Muslims believe the holy book has been lost and the New Testament Gospel s (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) are not the word of Allah, only Christian stories about Isa ; Insha'Allah (إن شاء الله) : God Willing. ; Iqamah : the second call to prayer. Similar to the azhan. ; Isha (عشاء): night; the fifth salat prayer ; Islam (الإسلام) : "submission to God". The Arabic root word for Islam means submission, obedience, peace, and purity. ; ; is said to have visited Heaven. See Miraj . ;. ; Istish-haad (إستشهاد) : heroic martyrdom. J ; Jahannam : the Hell-fire; Hell ; Jahiliya (الجاهليّة) : the time of ignorance before Islam was realized. Describes polytheistic religions. ; Jahl : ignorance, arrogance ; Jamia (جامعة) : "gathering"; i.e. a university, a mosque, or more generally, a community or association. ; Janaza : funeral prayer ; Jannah : Paradise, Heaven, the Garden ; Jazakallahu Khayran : "May Allah reward you for the good." Islamic expression of gratitude. ; Jihad (جهاد) : struggle. Any earnest striving in the way of Allah, involving personal, physical, intellectual or military effort, for righteousness and against wrong-doing; :: "Lesser Jihad": fighting to protect Islam from attack or oppression. In such fighting, no woman, child or innocent civilian is to be harmed, and no tree is to be cut down. Shi'as believe that only Prophet Muhammad and the twelve Imams had authority to declare positive jihad of the lesser kind. :: "Greater Jihad": internal struggle for the soul ( Nafs ) against evil, e.g. to overcome the temptation to sleep when it is time to pray the morning prayer is a greater jihad. ;. Some more conservative Muslims believe that jilbāb is incumbent upon Muslim Women to wear this as a sign of modesty. ; Jinn (جنّ) : An invisible being of fire ; Jizya (جزية): A tax specified in the Koran (9:29) to be paid by non-Muslim males living under Muslim political control. ; Jumuah (جمعة) : Friday prayer ; Juz' (جزء) : one of thirty parts of the Qur'an K ; Ka'bah : cube-house; the cube-shaped buidling i.e in Mecca toward which Muslims pray. ; Kafir (كافر) : from the word kafara - "to hide." Those who deliberately hide the truth; unbelievers, truth-concealers; one who is ungrateful. Plural: Kaffirun. ; Kalam (علم الكلم) : Islamic theology ; , more generally, one performing the duties of Khilafa . ; Khatib : the speaker at the Friday Muslim prayer, or Jumu'ah prayer ; and Stewardship of Earth ; Most basic theory of the Caliphate ; Flora and fauna as sacred trust; Accountability to God for harms to nature, failure to actively care and maintain. Three specific ways in which khalifa is manifested in Muslim practice are the creation of Haram to protect water, Hima to protect other species (including those useful to man), and by resisting infidel domination over Muslim lands, in Jihad . ; Kharaj (خراج) : a land tax ;, and ''Sehme Imam'', given to a Mujtahid ; Khutbah : the sermon at Jumu'ah prayer ; Kitab : book; The Qur'an is often referred to as "Al-Kitab" ; Kufr (كفر) : In Arabic - ungratefulness and disbelief. Islamically speaking, disbelief in God and denial of the truth. ; Kun : "Be!" God's command to the universe, 'Be!' and it is. L ; Laghw : Dirty, false, evil vain talk ; La Ilaha Illallah : "There is no god (ilah) except God (Allah)." The most important expression in Islam. It is part of the first pillar of Islam. ; La'nat (لعنة) : curse ; Laylat Al-Qadr : the Night of Power, towards the end of Ramadan, when Muhammad received the first revelation of the Qur'an. M ; Madhab (مذهب) : school of religious jurisprudence, school of thought ; Madrasa (مدرسة) : school, university ; prayer ; Mahdi (مهدي) : "a guide". More specifically al-Mahdi (the guide) is a figure who will appear with Prophet Jesus before the end of time, when God allows it, to bring world peace, order and justice, after it has been overcome with injustice and aggression. The Shi'as regard the twelfth Imam as the Mahdi. The Sunnis regard someone else as the Mahdi. ; and who one cannot marry. ; Makrouh : Though not haram (forbidden), something that is disliked or offensive. ; Malaikah : angels ; Ma Malakat Aymanukum (ما ملكت أيمانكم or ما ملكت أيمانهم or ما ملكت أيمانهن or ما ملكت يمينك or الذين ملكت أيمانكم): one's rightful spouse (literally: what your right hands possess) ; Manzil : one of seven parts of the Qur'an ; Ma'ruf (معروف) : consensus of the community ; Maqasid : goals or purposes; such as the purposes of Islamic law ; Masha Allah (ما شاء الله) : God has willed it. ; Masih : the (Biblical) Messiah, Jesus Christ. ; Masjid : place of prayer; mosque ;s regard the Prophet Muhammad , his daughter Fatimah , and the Twelve Imams to be the fourteen Masumin. Finally assumed as a title for an 'infallible leader sent by Allah', notably by the Almohads ' founding Mahdi and Imam. ;. ; ;. ; Mihrab : a niche in the wall of all mosques, indicating the direction of prayer ; Minaret : a tower built onto a mosque from the top of which the call to prayer is made ; Minbar (منبر) : a pulpit in the mosque where the Imam stands to deliver sermons ; Minhaj : methodology, e.g. methods, rules, system, procedures. ;'' ; and An-Nas , the "Surahs of refuge", should be said to relieve suffering (also protect from Black Magic) ; Mubah : literally permissible; neither forbidden nor commended. Neutral. ; Mufti (مفتى) : an Islamic scholar who is an interpreter or expounder of Islamic law (Sharia), capable of issuing fataawa (plural of "fatwa"). ; ; Muhammadun Rasulullah : "Muhammad is the messenger of Allah." This statement is the second part of the first pillar of Islam. This is the second most important statement in Islam. ; Muezzin : a person who performs the call to prayer ;. ; Mujtahid : a scholar who uses reason for the purpose of forming an opinion or making a ruling on a religious issue. Plural: ''Mujtahidun''. ; Moh'min : believer ; Munafiq : hypocrite. Plural: ''Munafiqun'' ; ; Murshid (مرشد) : a Sufi teacher ; Murtadd : apostate ; Muslim : a follower of the religion of Islam. ; Mut'ah : joy, a type of marriage or a practice between Umrah and Hajj. ; Mutawatir N ;. ; Nafs (النفس) : soul, one's self ; Najaasah : Impurity ; who test the faith of the dead in their graves ; Nifaq : falsehood; dishonesty ; covering the face ; Naseeha : advice ; Nass (نصّ) : a known, clear legal injunction ;. ; Noor : light. Muslims believe angels were created from light. P Q ; Qadar : destiny ; of Islamic Law ; Qiblah : the direction Muslims face during prayer ; Qiyamah : resurrection; return of the dead for the Day of Judgment ; ; in a Mosque ; Qudsi : classification of a hadith that are believed to be narrated by Muhammad from God. ; believe that the Qur'an is the literal word of God and culmination of God's revelation to mankind, revealed to Prophet Muhammad in the year 610 A.D. R ; Rabb : Lord, Sustainer, Cherisher, Master. ; Rahman : Merciful; Ar-Rahman means "The Most Merciful" ; ; Rajm ;. Each daily prayer is made up of a different number of Rakaat . ;. ;, the charging of which is forbidden by the Qur'an ; Risalah : literally, message or letter. Used both in common parlance for mail correspondences, and in religious context as divine message. ; Ruh : spirit; the divine breath which God blew into the clay of Adam. ; Rukn : the five pillars of the Islamic faith, also arkan. ; Ruk'u : the bowing performed during Muslim prayer S ; Sabr : patience, endurance, self-restraint ; Sadaqah : charity; voluntary alms ; Sahabah : companions of Muhammad ; Sahih : "Sound in isnad." A technical attribute applied to the "isnad" of a hadith. ; Sajda : prostration ; Salaf (السلف الصالح) : (righteous) predecessors/ancestors. In Islam, Salaf is generally used to refer to the first three generations of Muslims. ; ; Salaam (سلام) : peace ; Salat (صلاة) : prayer ; Sallallahu Alaihi Wa Sallam (صلى الله عليه و سلم) : "May Allah bless him and grant him peace." Expression used after stating Prophet Muhammad's name. Abbreviated as (saw) ; Samad : eternal, absolute; Muslims believe God is "The Eternal." ; Salsabil : a river in heaven (al-firdaus) ;. ; Sayyid (سيّد) : a descendent of a relative (because all his sons Qasim, Abdullah, and Ibraheem or Abraham died before having children) to Muhammad ; orders ; ;s, etc.) ; Shaikh (شيخ) : a spiritual master ; and Moral Code based on the Qur'an and Sunnah ; basis of Fiqh ; Sharif (شريف) : a title bestowed upon the descendents of Muhammad through Hasan, son of his daughter Fatima Zahra and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib ; ;. Shi'as constitute the second largest sect in Islam. ; Shirk (شرك) : idolatry; polytheism; the sin of believing in any divinity except Allah and of associating other gods with Allah. ; Shura (شورى) : consultation :; Majlis Ash-shura (مجلس الشورى) : advisory council ; ; his Moral Example - with Hadith this comprises the Sunnah ; Sirat Al-Mustaqim : the Straight Path ; Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala : expression used following written name or vocalization of ''Allah'' ; Subhan'allah : expression used by Muslims to express strong feelings of joy or relief. ;). ; Suhoor : the meal eaten by fasting Muslims just before dawn. ; Sunnah (السنّة) or Sunnah Al-Nabi (سنّة النبي) : the "path" or "example" of the Prophet Muhammad, i.e., what the Prophet did or said or agreed to during his life. He is considered by Muslims to be the best human moral example, the best man to follow. ; Sunni (سنّي) : the largest sect in Islam. ; is comprised of 114 suras T ; ;, particularly such commentary on the Qur'an ; Taghut : impurity; anything worshipped other than God, i.e. all the false deities. ; Tahajjud : optional, late night prayer ; or Ghusl ; Tahir : pure, ritually clean ; Tajdid : to purify and reform society in order to move it toward greater equity and justice ; Tajwid (تجويد) : a special manner of reciting the Qur'an according to prescribed rules of pronunciation and intonation. ; Takbir : a proclamation of the greatness of Allah; a Muslim invocation. ; Takfeer : to declare kufr (disbelief) about a non-Muslim or Muslim or to denounce them as disbelievers. ; Taqlid (تقليد) : to blindly follow a person whose following is not based on proof and does not rely upon knowledge. ; Taqiyya (تقيّة) : the mostly Shi'a principle that one is allowed to hide one's true beliefs in certain circumstances. ; Taqwa : righteousness; goodness ; Tarawih : tarawih prayers are extra prayers in Ramadan after the Isha prayer. ; issued from the Qur'an ;, particularly a Sufi order ; ; Tashkil (تشكيل) : vocalization of a text, for example the Qur'an ; Tawbah : repentance ; Tasawwuf (التصوّف) or Sufism ; Tawaf : circumambulating the Ka'bah during Hajj. ;; affirmation of the Oneness of God. Muslims regard this as the first part of the Pillar Of Islam , the second part is accepting Muhammad as Messenger. The opposite of Tawheed is Shirk ; ; Tayyib : all that is good as regards things, deeds, beliefs, persons, foods, etc. Means "pure." The Shahaddath is tayyib. U ;s and judges. Singular Alim . ; Ummah (الاُمّة) or umma : the global community of all Muslim believers; international personhood of Islam ; Umrah : the lesser pilgrimage performed in Mecca. Unlike hajj, umrah can be performed throughout the year. ; ;) W ;. Related to Fanaa ; Wahy : revelation or inspiration of Allah to his prophets for all humankind ; Wali : friend, protector, guardian, supporter, helper ; Warraq (ورّاق) : traditional scribe, publisher, printer, notary and book copier ; Wasat : the middle way, justly balanced, avoiding extremes, moderation ; ; Y ; Ya Allah : ; Yaqin : certainty, that which is certain ; Yaum Al-Qiyâmah (يوم القيامة) : "Day of the Resurrection"; Day of Judgement Z ; Zabur : the Psalms revealed to King David ;s regard this as the fourth Pillar Of Islam . Neither charity nor derived from Islamic Economics , but a religious duty and social obligation. ; Zalimun : polytheists, wrong-doers, and unjust. ;'' and ''fornication'') NOTES
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