- Eugen Von Böhm-Bawerk
- Friedrich Hayek , economist and social scientist, Bank Of Sweden Prize In Economic Sciences In Memory Of Alfred Nobel 1974
- Rudolf Hilferding , marxist and politician 1877 - 1941 (murdered by the Gestapo in Paris)
- Leopold Kohr , economist
- Carl Menger , founder of the Austrian School of economics
- Ludwig Von Mises , free-market economist
- Oskar Morgenstern , co-founder of Game Theory
- Joseph Schumpeter , econmist (neoclassical), born in Triech , Austrian-Hungary
- Othmar Spann , economist and philosopher
- Friedrich Von Wieser , economist (regarded as follower of the Austrian School of economics)
- Carlo Abarth , Motorcycle racer and car designer
- Igo Etrich , aviation pioneer and pilot 1879 - 1967
- Anselm Franz , pioneer in Jet Engine engineering
- Gaston Glock , inventor, founder of GLOCK
- Eduard Haas , inventor of PEZ
- Hedy Lamarr , (known for research in frequences, needed for mobile phones)
- Viktor Kaplan , inventor of turbines for river power plants
- Johann Korbuly , inventor of Matador (special wooden toy)
- Wilhelm Kress , aviation pioneer, inventor of the stick control for airplanes
- Josef Madersberger , invented the Sewing Machine in 1818
- Siegfried Marcus , automobile pioneer (vehicles of 1870 and 1889), lived most of his life in Austria
- Peter Mitterhofer , inventor of Typewriter
- Johann August Natterer , Chemist and Physician (inventions in photography)
- Alois Negrelli , engineer and railroad pioneer (created the plans for the Suez Canal )
- Ferdinand Porsche , automotive engineer, designed the Volkswagen (the "people's car"), born in Austria-Hungary
- Johann Puch , engineer and entrepreneur
- Josef Ressel , inventor of the marine screw propeller
- Edmund Rumpler , engineer, aviation pioneer
- Paul Schwarzkopf , inventor of powder metallurgy
- Alois Senefelder , inventor of the printing technique of Lithographie
- Max Valier , rocketry pioneer
- Auer Von Welsbach , inventor of gaslight
- Nathan Birnbaum , philosopher (created the word Zionism )
- Franz Brentano , philosopher and psychologist
- Martin Buber , philosopher, 1878 - 1965 , born in Vienna
- Christian Von Ehrenfels , philosopher
- Herbert Feigl , philosopher (member of the Vienna Circle )
- Paul Feyerabend , philosopher (died 1994)
- Philipp Frank , philosopher and physicist (member of the Vienna Circle )
- Heinrich Gomperz , philosopher, 1873 - 1942 , born in Vienna
- Edmund Husserl , philosopher (born in Prossnitz, Austria-Hungary )
- Victor Kraft , philosopher
- Nachman Krochmal , philosopher, historian and theologian
- Alexius Meinong , phiolosopher (theory of objects) 1853 - 1920
- Otto Neurath , socialist, economist and philosopher
- Karl Popper , philosopher (born in Austria, became British)
- Othmar Spann , philosopher and economist
- Rudolf Steiner , mystic & philosopher
- Otto Weininger , philosopher
- Friedrich Waismann , mathematician, philosopher and physicist (member of the Vienna Circle )
- Ludwig Wittgenstein , philosopher, born 1889 in Vienna
- Moritz Schlick , philosopher (member of the Vienna Circle )
- Emil Artin , mathematician ( Artin's Conjecture )
- Wilhelm Blaschke , mathematician
- Ludwig Boltzmann , physicist, 1844 - 1906 , born in Vienna
- Fritjof Capra , physicist
- Christian Andreas Doppler , physicist, 1803 - 1853 , born in Salzburg (See Doppler Effect )
- Paul Ehrenfest , physicist & mathematician
- Kurt Gödel , mathematician (born in Austria-Hungary , became naturalized U.S. citizen)
- Thomas Gold , Astrophysicist , Geophysicist , controversial for ' Steady State ' view of cosmos and Abiogenic Petroleum Origin theory
- Wolfgang Gröbner , mathematician (best known for Gröbner basis)
- Hans Hahn , mathematician (member of the Vienna Circle
- Wilhelm Karl, Ritter Von Haidinger , physicist, geologist and mineralogist of the 19th century
- Friedrich Hasenöhrl , physicist
- Victor Franz Hess , physicist, Nobel Prize In Physics
- Nikolaus Joseph Von Jacquin , chemist
- Anton Schrötter Von Kristelli , chemist and mineralogist (red phosphor)
- Richard Kuhn , chemist, Nobel Prize In Chemistry in 1938
- Johann Josef Loschmidt , physicist and chemist
- Ernst Mach , physicist and philosopher ( Mach Number )
- Lise Meitner , physicist
- Richard Von Mises , physicist (younger brother of Ludwig Von Mises )
- Otto E. Neugebauer , mathematician and astronomer
- Wolfgang Pauli , physicist, Nobel Prize In Physics 1945
- Max Ferdinand Perutz , chemist, Nobel Prize In Chemistry 1962
- Josef Maximilian Petzval , physicist and mathematician
- Fritz Pregl , chemist, Nobel Prize In Chemistry 1923
- Leopold Ruzicka , (born in Croatia, Austria-Hungary in 1887), chemist, Nobel Prize In Chemistry in 1944
- Erwin Schrödinger , physicist, Nobel Prize In Physics
- Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze , mathematician
- Leopold Vietoris , mathematician (1891-2002(!))
- Victor Frederick Weisskopf , physicist (worked on the Manhattan Project )
- Carl Auer Von Welsbach , chemist
- Anton Zeilinger , physicist
- Gernot Zippe , physicist (developed Zippe-type Centrifuge to extract Uranium-235 for nuclear weapons)
- Richard Adolf Zsigmondy , chemist, Nobel Prize In Chemistry in 1925
- Hans Asperger , pediatrician (most known for work on Autism ; see Asperger's Syndrome )
- Leopold Auenbrugger , physician 1722 - 1809 (method of Percussion )
- Robert Barany , physician, Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine
- Georg Joseph Beer , physician (forerunner in Ophthalmology )
- Lorenz Böhler , physician
- Carl Cori , born in Prague, Austria-Hungary , physician, Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine in 1947
- Karl Fellinger , physician
- Ernst Von Fleischl-Marxow , physician and physiologist (studies of nerves and the brain)
- Ernst Freiherr Von Feuchtersleben , physician and poet
- Viktor Frankl , father of Logotherapy
- Karl Von Frisch , physician, Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine
- Otto Gross , phyician and revolutionist
- Josef Hyrtl , anatomist
- Nicolaus Joseph Jacquin , physician
- Fritz Köberle , physician (emigrated to Brazil )
- Karl Landsteiner , physician, serologist, Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine , 1886 - 1943
- Franz Xaver Mayr , physician
- Franz Mesmer , physician, developed an early form of hypnotism 1734 - 1815
- Ernst Moro , physician and pediatrician
- Paracelsus , (real name: Theophrast von Hohenheim), alchemist and physician
- Clemens Von Pirquet , pediatrician and scientist in bacteriology and immunology
- Rudolf Pösch , physician
- Karl Pribram , physician, neuroscientist, originator of Holonomic Brain Theory
- Carl Rabl , anatomist
- Ignaz Semmelweis , physician (born in Hungary, Austria-Hungary)
- Hans Selye , physician (emigrated to Canada)
- Julius Wagner-Jauregg , physician, Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine 1927
- Rudolf Wlassak , physiologist and neurologist 1865 - 1930
- Alfred Adler , father of Individual Psychology
- Hans Asperger , pediatrician, namesake of Asperger's Syndrome
- Bruno Bettelheim , psychologist
- Josef Breuer , pschologist (forerunnner in Psychoanalysis )
- Viktor Frankl , father of Logotherapy
- Sigmund Freud , father of Psychoanalysis
- Frederick Kanfer , psychologist (born 1925 in Vienna, emigrated to US 1938)
- Leo Kanner , child psychologist
- Melanie Klein , child psychotherapist 1882 - 1960 (emigrated to England ii 1926 )
- Otto Rank , pioneer psychologist
- Wilhelm Reich , psychologist, (1897-1957)
- Erwin Ringel (1921-1994), Austrian psychiatrist ('' Presuicidal Syndrome '')
- Paul Watzlawick
- Othenio Abel , paleontologist
- Max Adler , jurist and marxist author 1873 - 1937
- Christopher Alexander , architectural theorist
- Wilhelm Alzinger , archeologist
- Bernard Andreae , archeologist
- Oscar Baumann , philosoph, explorer, ethnologist and geograph
- Heinz Von Foerster , physicist and philosopher (working in the field of cybernetics)
- Joseph Von Hammer-Purgstall , orientalist
- Julius Hann , meteorologist
- Hans Hass , biologist
- Hans Kelsen , jurist (father of the Austrian Constitution )
- Otto König , scientist in behavioural studies
- Paul Felix Lazarsfeld , social scientist
- Otto Loewi , pharmacologist (born in Germany, but spent 40 years (age 25-65) of his life in Austria) Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine
- Konrad Lorenz zoologist, Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine
- Gregor Mendel , pioneer of genetics
- August Emanuel Von Reuss , paleontologist
- Rupert Riedl , zoologist
- Karl Rinner , geodesist 1912 - 1991
- Joseph Rock , explorer, geographer, botanist and linguist
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