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Krzysztof Penderecki (born November 23 , 1933 in Dębica ) is a Polish Composer and Conductor of Classical Music . After taking private composition lessons with Franciszek Skolyszewski , Penderecki studied music at Krakow University and the Krakow Academy for Music under Artur Malawski and Stanislaw Wiechowicz . After graduating in 1958, he took up a teaching post at the Academy. Penderecki's early works show the influence of Anton Webern and Pierre Boulez (he has also been influenced by Igor Stravinsky ). Penderecki's international recognition began in 1959 at the Warsaw Autumn Festival with the premiere of works, ''Strophen'', ''Psalms of David'', and ''Emanations'', but the piece that truly brought him to international attention was '' Threnody To The Victims Of Hiroshima '' (see Threnody and Hiroshima ), written for 52 String Instrument s. In it, Penderecki makes use of extended instrumental techniques (for example, playing on the wrong side of the bridge, bowing on the tailpiece). There are many novel textures in the work, which makes great use of Tone Clusters (notes close together played at the same time). See Sound Mass . The work was originally titled ''8' 37"'', perhaps in a nod to John Cage , but changed the title after his publisher suggested he give it a more colorful name. The '' St. Luke Passion '' (1963–66) brought Penderecki further popular acclaim, not least because it was a major, devoutly religious work, written in an avant-garde musical language, composed within Communist Eastern Europe. Western audiences saw it as a snub to the Soviet authorities and were keen to give it their support. Various different musical styles can be seen in the piece. The experimental textures, such as were seen in the ''Threnody'', are balanced by the Baroque form of the work and the occasional use of more traditional Harmonic and Melodic writing. Penderecki makes use of Serialism in this piece, and one of the tone rows he uses includes the BACH Motif , which acts as a bridge between the conventional and more experimental elements. The Stabat Mater section towards the end of the piece concludes on a simple major Chord of D major, and this gesture is repeated at the very end of the work, which finishes on a triumphant E major chord. These are the only tonal harmonies in the work, and both come as a surprise to the listener; Penderecki's use of tonal triads such as these remains a controversial aspect of the work. Around the mid- and the Tritone . Some commentators went so far as to compare this new direction to Anton Bruckner . This direction continued with the Symphony No. 2, ''Christmas'' (1980), which is rather straightforward from a harmonic and melodic standpoint for a composer who had been one of the most experimental in Europe. It makes frequent use of the tune of the Christmas carol, "Silent Night". In 1980, Penderecki was commissioned by Solidarity to compose a piece to accompany the unveiling of a statue at the Gdańsk shipyards to commemorate those killed at anti-government riots there in 1970. Penderecki responded with the ''Lacrimosa'', which he later expanded to become one of the best known works of his later period, the ''Polish Requiem '' (1980-84, revised 1993). Here again the harmonies are quite lush, although there are moments which evoke his earlier work in the 1960s. The tendency in recent years has been towards more conservative Romanticism , however, as seen in works like the Cello Concerto No. 2 and the ''Credo''. Some of Penderecki's music has been adapted to film tracks. Portions of the 1971 Cello Concerto have been used in both '' The Shining '' and '' The Exorcist ''. Penderecki received an honory doctorate from the University Of Münster , Germany in 2006 . WORKS Operas
Orchestral works
Concertante works
Vocal works
Choral works
Chamber works
Instrumental works
SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS
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