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This article may not be written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia entry. Please improve the article or discuss proposed changes on the . See Wikipedia's for suggestions. The Keirsey Temperament Sorter is a personality instrument which attempts to identify which of four temperaments, and which of sixteen types, a person prefers. As he was developing modern temperament theory, Keirsey discovered the MBTI in 1956, and found that by combining intuition with the judging functions, NT and NF, and sensing with the perceiving functions, SJ and SP, he found that grouping those Myers types correlated to his four temperaments. THE HISTORY OF TEMPERAMENT Hippocrates , a Greek medic who lived from 460-377 B.C., proposed the Four Humours , which are related to the four temperaments. These were Sanguine , Choleric , Phlegmatic , and Melancholic . In 1978, David Keirsey and Marilyn Bates reintroduced temperament theory in modern form. Keirsey renamed the four temperaments as Guardian , Artisan , Idealist , and Rational . The chart below compares modern and ancient aspects of the theory: Cognitive function Types Sensory Perception (SP) Sensory Judgement (SJ) Intuitive Feeling (NF) Intuitive Thinking (NT) Describing the four temperaments Artisans (SPs) seek freedom to act and are concerned with their ability to make an impact on people or situations. Their greatest strength is tactical intelligence. They excel at acting, composing, producing, and motivating. Artisans value aesthetics and they are often skillful at applying tools. Hammers, computers and theoretical concepts are a few tools artisans may be skillful at utilizing. Guardians (SJs) seek membership or belonging and are concerned with responsibility and duty. Their greatest strength is logistical intelligence. They excel at organizing, facilitating, checking, and supporting. Guardians value stability and they are often skillful at applying rules, procedures and protocol. Idealists (NFs) seek meaning and significance and are concerned with finding their own unique identity. Their greatest strength is diplomatic intelligence, which means that they excel at clarifying, unifying, individualizing, and inspiring. Idealists value authenticity and they are often skillful at helping people or groups overcome their difficulties. Rationals (NTs) seek mastery and self-control and are concerned with their own knowledge and competence. Their greatest strength is strategic intelligence. They excel at engineering, conceptualizing, theorizing, and coordinating. They value expertise and they are often skillful at logical analysis and research. =Applications of the Kiersey Temperament Sorter Temperament can be used to help individuals learn, manage stress, develop networking skills and create stronger relationships. It can also be used in the formation of teams. :Learning - Artisans prefer practical assignments, playful teachers and active forms of learning. Guardians prefer predictable learning environments, information presented in a sequential format and teachers who formally acknowledge their achievement. Idealists prefer educators who provide individualized feedback and make efforts to understand their needs. Educators should also use analogies and metaphors to teach idealists. Rationals prefer logical explanations, assignments that require critical thinking, and efficient learning environments. :Stress - Artisans require freedom and desire to make an impact on their environment. They become stressed when their freedom and ability to make an impact becomes constricted. During times of stress, artisans become reckless or they retaliate. Artisans should be given new ways to make an impact in order to relieve stress. Guardians feel a need to belong to a group and to act responsibly. They become stressed when they feel they don’t belong, when others are insubordinate and when they feel abandoned. During times of stress, guardians complain and become worried. Guardians should be shown their appreciated, included into discussions about news, and be given new membership in order to relieve stress. Idealists need to have meaning and significance in their lives and desire to develop their own unique identity. They become stressed when others are insincere or when they are betrayed. During times of stress, idealists disassociate from the source of the stress. Idealists should be given affirmation of their uniqueness and nurturing support from others in order to relieve stress. Rationals feel they need to acquire knowledge and competency in a field(s) of expertise and desire self-control. They become stressed when they lack knowledge, when others are incompetent, and when they feel powerless. Rationals become mindless or they obssess during times of stress. Rationals should be given a new project and their competency should be confirmed in order to relieve stress. :Networking :Relationships :Formation of Teams Commmonalities of the Temperaments Each of the four temperaments has one thing in common with one other temperament. Artisans are like guardians in that they both are concrete and realistic. Idealists are like rationals in that they both are idealistic and abstract. Artisans are like idealists in that they both focus on why people do things. Guardians are like rationals in that they both focus on organization. Artisans are like rationals in that they both desire autonomy and are pragmatic. Guardians are like idealists in that they both desire affiliation and want to work within the norms of the society. 04:39, 2 May 2006 (UTC) EXTERNAL LINKS
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