| Janis Karpinski |
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She was the commander of three large US- and British-led Prison s in Iraq in 2003 , eight Battalion s, and 3400 Army reservists. In October 2005 she published an account of her experiences, ''One Woman's Army, the Commanding General of Abu Ghraib Tells Her Story,'' in which she claims that the abuses were perpetrated by contract employees trained in Afghanistan and Guantanamo Bay and sent under orders from Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , and that her demotion was political retribution. It is alleged that she was involved in a shoplifting incident at an army PX, years before she was put in charge of the Iraq prison system, though the army cannot confirm this allegation due to a policy concerning privacy {Link without Title} . CAREER Karpinski was commissioned into the Army as a second lieutenant in 1977 and has served primarily in intelligence and military police assignments, including tours supporting the Special Forces and in Saudi Arabia during the first Gulf War . She moved from the regular Army to the Reserves in 1987 . She also became a consultant who ran military-styled training programs for executives. She is married to George Karpinski, a Lieutenant Colonel at the Oman US Embassy . She was awarded a Bronze Star . In June 2003 , during the U.S.-led Occupation Of Iraq , Karpinski was given command of the 800 Military Police Brigade. This put her in charge of the fifteen detention facilities in southern and central Iraq run by Coalition forces. She had no experience running correctional facilities. Karpinski was also given command of the National Guard and Army reserve units in the Iraqi city of Mosul , most of whom, like her, had no training in handling prisoners. But at least two of the guardsmen who were convicted of Prisoner Abuse had lengthy civilian experience as prison guards. In September 2003 , Karpinski led US Secretary Of Defense Donald Rumsfeld on a tour of the Abu Ghraib prison to demonstrate the way it had been used by Saddam Hussein to torture his enemies. Rumsfeld used the tour to point out how the country had improved since Hussein was overthrown. In January 2004, Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez formally suspended Karpinski and sixteen other soldiers with undisclosed reprimands. An investigation was started into the abuse, and Karpinski left Iraq for reasons that were explained at the time as part of "routine troop rotations." Many in the media made distinct comparisons to the actions of guards under Saddam Hussein. Detainees under United States control were allegedly sodomized, beaten to death, torn by dogs sicced on their naked bodies and women prisoners were allegedly raped by US contractors at Abu Ghraib prison. {Link without Title} :"The American public needs to understand we're talking about rape and murder here. We're not just talking about giving people a humiliating experience,’ Republican Sen. Lindsey Graham of South Carolina told reporters after Rumsfeld testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee. ’We're talking about rape and murder -- and some very serious charges. :"A report by Maj. Gen. Antonio Taguba on the abuse at the prison outside Baghdad says videotapes and photographs show naked detainees, and that groups of men were forced to masturbate while being photographed and videotaped. Taguba also found evidence of a ‘male MP guard having sex with a female detainee." The military later screened some of the images for Congress ; lawmakers said they showed, among other things, attack dogs snarling at cowed prisoners, Iraqi women forced to expose their breasts, and naked prisoners forced to have sex with each other. In the same period, reporter Seymour Hersh, who helped uncover the scandal, said in a speech before an ACLU convention: :"Some of the worse that happened that you don't know about, ok? Videos, there are women there. Some of you may have read they were passing letters, communications out to their men. The women were passing messages saying 'Please come and kill me, because of what's happened.' :"Basically what happened is that those women who were arrested with young boys/children in cases that have been recorded. The boys were sodomized with the cameras rolling. The worst about all of them is the soundtrack of the boys shrieking that your government has. They are in total terror it's going to come out." On April 8 , 2005 Karpinski was formally relieved of command of the 800th Military Police Brigade. On May 5 , 2005 , President Bush approved Karpinski's demotion to colonel from the rank of brigadier general. Her demotion was not officially related to the abuse at Abu Ghraib Prison . The allegations against her were for dereliction of duty, making a material misrepresentation to investigators, failure to obey a lawful order and shoplifting. Karpinski had failed to inform the Army as required when filling out an official document about an earlier arrest on an Air Force base in the US on a misdemeanour charge of stealing less than US$50 worth of cosmetics from a military store. ALLEGATIONS AGAINST KARPINSKI In October 2003 , allegations of torture in the new Iraqi prisons began to surface. Karpinski insisted that prisoners under her watch were treated "humanely and fairly". In an interview with the ''St. Petersburg Times'' in December 2003 , Karpinski said conditions in the prison were even better than many Iraqi homes, and joked that the prisoners were treated so well that she was "concerned they wouldn't want to leave" {Link without Title} . In January 2004 , however, Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez formally suspended Karpinski and sixteen other soldiers with undisclosed reprimands. An investigation was started into the abuse, and Karpinski left Iraq for reasons that were explained at the time as part of "routine troop rotations". Taguba Report In his final report, Major General Antonio Taguba blamed Karpinski for the abuse by not paying attention to the daily operations of the prison. According to Taguba, Karpinski rarely visited the prisons during her tenure, and she reviewed and signed reports about claims of abuse without following up to make sure her orders were carried out. As a consequence, the abuse was allowed to continue and her subordinates developed a lax attitude towards protocol. Brigadier General Karpinski was cited throughout the Taguba Report for repeated violations of Army procedure, good management and exercising her command as directed by Army regulations. During interviews it was reported within the Taguba report that Brigadier General Karpinski was disconnected from the reality of the situation in her area of command. "''14. (U) During the course of this investigation I conducted a lengthy interview with BG Karpinski that lasted over four hours, and is included verbatim in the investigation Annexes. BG Karpinski was extremely emotional during much of her testimony. What I found particularly disturbing in her testimony was her complete unwillingness to either understand or accept that many of the problems inherent in the 800th MP Brigade were caused or exacerbated by poor leadership and the refusal of her command to both establish and enforce basic standards and principles among its soldiers. (ANNEX 45 and the Personal Observations of the Interview Team)'' General Karpinski was issued a Memorandum of Admonishment by LTG Sanchez, Commander, CJTF-7, on 17 January 2004. In April 2004 , CBS '' 60 Minutes II'' broadcast Photographs Of Iraqi Prisoners Being Tortured And Humiliated At Abu Ghraib . Following the broadcast, Karpinski was suspended of her duties and replaced by Major General Geoffrey Miller , the former commander of the detention camp known as Camp X-Ray at Guantanamo Bay . Karpinski's defense Karpinski insisted she had no knowledge of the abuse and claims the particular wing of the prison was under the control of military intelligence "twenty-four hours a day." She claims Army intelligence officers encouraged guards to torture prisoners as an aid to interrogation, and that she was a Scapegoat . A June 2004 BBC article said, "Gen Karpinski believes the soldiers had not taken the pictures of their own accord." It quotes her as saying: "I know that the MP unit that these soldiers belonged to hadn't been in Abu Ghraib long enough to be so confident that one night or early morning they were going to take detainees out of their cells, pile them up and photograph themselves in various positions with these detainees." {Link without Title} Since her suspension, Karpinski has made controversial accusations against her superiors in a series of interviews. In an interview with BBC Radio, Karpinski claimed that Major General Geoffrey Miller , who was sent from Camp X-Ray in Guantanamo Bay to improve interrogations at the Iraqi prison, told her to treat prisoners "like dogs" in the sense that "if you allow them to believe at any point that they are more than a dog then you've lost control of them" {Link without Title} . Major General Miller denies that he ever made the remarks. On network. When asked who was ultimately responsible for the actions of toture and humiliaton depicted in the photographs, Karpinski stated "''...you have to go back to the memorandum that was authored by our now- Attorney-General , Alberto Gonzalez , and John Yoo, from out in California, who was with the current administration at the time, and they did a memorandum, authorising departures from the Geneva Convention .''" "''The memorandum, which was certainly discussed at length with the Secretary Of Defence and the Vice-President , according to sworn statements by people who were there when those conversations took place, that authorised the initial departure the Geneva Convention . And yes, there was a memorandum that was posted at Abu Ghraib prison, that I only became aware of, after I heard of this ongoing investigation out at Abu Ghraib, and it was signed by the Secretary of Defence.''" "''...the signature on the memorandum was over the signature block of the Secretary of Defence, Donald Rumsfeld, and the ink that was used to sign appeared to be the same ink used for this handwritten note in the margin, "make sure this happens", and it was a list of interrogation techniques that were approved, so he obviously had knowledge of those nterrogation techniques.''" "''When the Secretary of Defence, when General Miller , when General Sanchez when General Taguba , when they testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee , they were very careful to say, in response to a question about the photographs, that they knew nothing about the photographs. However, nobody on the Senate Armed Services Committee asked them "Did you know anything about the actions depicted in those photographs?" Because they would have had to give a truthful answer and the answer would have been yes, in fact they authorised the actions depicted in those photographs. The Secretary of Defence authorised it, in conversations with General Miller, his Under-Secretary for Intelligence not only authorised those actions but was staying on top of the progress of those actions and those activities.''" When questioned on the findings of the Taguba Report, which stated she had shown a lack of leadership throughout the period of events, and therefore was partly responsible for what happened, Karpinski stated ..."''when they do an investigation with that kind of potential, the rules are very clear, you have to identify an impartial person to do the investigation and General Taguba did not serve one day in Iraq, he spent his deployment time in the safety of Kuwait. And he was, as it came out afterwards, a good friend of General Sanchez. So if General Sanchez gave the investigating officer specific instructions on what he wanted to see in the conclusions, General Taguba was able and determined to provide and conclude what General Sanchez wanted to see. And he did exactly that. The findings in the report have been largely discredited because he was not an impartial party and because so much more information has come out. ... Taguba was not charged with discovering what caused the photographs, General Taguba's instructions were to investigate the 800th Military Police Brigade and discover what was wrong with General Karpinski. In another BBC interview, Karpinski made claims that she met an Israeli who was working with US Delta Force interrogators at a detention facility near the Baghdad airport. If true, it would support claims that the abuses at Abu Ghraib were based on alleged tactics used by Israeli interrogators. The Israeli government has emphatically denied sending interrogators to Abu Ghraib, and Israeli interrogators insist they have never abused Palestinian prisoners as shown in the photographs. In an interview for the Santa Clarita, California newspaper, ''The Signal'', Karpinski claimed to have seen unreleased documents from Rumsfeld that authorized the use of dogs, food and sleep deprivation, and isolation for Iraqi prisoners that were also signed by General Sanchez. Both have denied authorizing such tactics. {Link without Title} SEE ALSO
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