| Jagadish Chandra Bose |
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Jagdish Chandra Bose (, 1858 – November 23 , 1937 ) was an India n Physicist who pioneered the investigation of Radio and Microwave Optics . EARLY LIFE Bose was born in Mymensingh in Bengal (now in Bangladesh ) on November 30, 1858. His father, Bhagawan Chandra Bose worked as a tax collector for the British East India Company . His family originally hailed from the village Rarikhal, Bikrampur, in the current day Dhaka District of Bangladesh . Having started his studies in a local school, Bose studied at the St. Xavier's School and College at Kolkata . He passed the Entrance examination (equivalent to school graduation) of Calcutta University in 1875 . He received a B.A. in Science from Calcutta University in 1879 . Next, Bose went to England to study at Christ's College , Cambridge . He received a B.A. from Cambridge University and a B.Sc. from the London University in 1884 . Following that, he returned to Kolkata and joined Presidency College as an assistant professor of physics. RADIO RESEARCH In November 1894 J.C. Bose ignited gunpowder and rang a bell at a distance using electromagnetic waves, confirming that communication signals can be sent without using wires. This was one year after Nikola Tesla made the first public demonstration of Radio communication in 1893 . Bose went to London on a lecture tour in 1896 and met Marconi, who was conducting wireless experiments for the British post office. In an interview, Bose said he was not interested in commercial telegraphy and others can use his research work. Later in 1899 Bose announced his invention of the "iron-mercury-iron Coherer with telephone detector" in a paper presented at Royal Society , London. It appears that Bose's demonstration of remote wireless signalling has priority over Marconi, he was the first to use a semiconductor junction to detect radio waves, and he invented various now commonplace microwave components. In 1954 Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose for the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector of radio waves. Further work at millimeter wavelengths was almost nonexistent for nearly 50 years. J.C. Bose was at least this much ahead of his time. Just one hundred years ago, J.C. Bose described to the Royal Institution in London his research carried out in Calcutta at millimeter wavelengths. He used waveguides, horn antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarizers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz; much of his original equipment is still in existence, now at the Bose Institute in Calcutta. Some concepts from his original 1897 papers have been incorporated into a new 1.3-mm multi-beam receiver now in use on the NRAO 12 Meter Telescope, Arizona, U.S.A. {Link without Title} . Neville Francis Mott , Nobel Laureate in 1977 for his own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was at least 60 years ahead of his time" and "In fact, he had anticipated the existence of P-type and N-type semiconductors." CAREER AS A TEACHER He was also known as an excellent teacher who believed in the use of classroom demonstrations, a trait apparently picked up while studying with Lord Rayleigh at Cambridge . He influenced many later Indian physicists, including Satyendra Bose (no relation) who later went on to be an influential figure in 20th century physics. He was greatly interested in Vedanta . While he was teaching at Presidency College in Kolkata, he met the famous Indian yogi, Paramahansa Yogananda . Their meeting is described in Yogananda's autobiography, in the chapter titled India's Great Scientist, J. C. Bose . PLANT RESEARCH His next contribution to the science was in plant physiology. He forwarded a theory for the Ascent Of Sap in plants in 1927 , his theory contributed to the Vital Theory of Ascent Of Sap . According to his theory the pumping action of the living cells in the endodermis junction were responsible for the Ascent Of Sap in plants. He was skeptical about the thee-then most popular theory in Ascent Of Sap , the tension-cohesion theory of Dixon and Joly, first proposed in 1894. His skepticism on the same turned true when Canny proposed the most successful 'The CP theory' backed by strong experimental evidence. Canny experimentally demonstrated the sort of pumping in the living cells in the junction of the Endodermis , which JC Bose demonstrated 60 years earlier. His research in plant stimuli were pioneering, he showed with the help of his newly invented Crescograph that plants responded to various stimuli as if they had nervous systems like that of animals. He therefore found a parallelism between animal and plant tissues.
LEGACY Bose’s place in history has now been re-evaluated, and he is credited with the invention of the first wireless detection device and the discovery of millimetre length electromagnetic waves and considered a pioneer in the field of biophysics. Many of his instruments are still on display and remain largely usable now, over 100 years later. They include various antennas, polarizers, and waveguides, all of which remain in use in modern forms today. PUBLICATIONS
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