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Italo-celtic




One argument for Italo-Celtic was the thematic Genitive in ''i'' (''dominus'', ''domini''). Both in Italic (''Popliosio Valesiosio'', Lapis Satricanus ) and in Celtic ( Lepontic , Celtiberian ''-o''), however, traces of the ''-osyo'' Genitive of Proto-Indo-European have been discovered, so that the spread of the ''i''-Genitive must have occurred in the two groups independently (or by areal diffusion). Calvert Watkins (1966) recognizes that "the community of ''-ī'' in Italic and Celtic is attributable to early contact, rather than to an original unity." The ''i''-Genitive has been compared to the so-called Cvi formation in Sanskrit , but that too is probably a comparatively late development. The phenomenon is probably related to the feminine long ''i'' stems (see Devi Inflection ) and the Luwian ''i''-mutation.

Another argument was the ''ā''-subjunctive. Both Italic and Celtic have a subjunctive descended from an earlier optative in ''-ā-''. Such an optative is not known from other languages, but the suffix occurs in Balto-Slavic and Tocharian past tense formations, and possibly in Hittite ''-ahh-''.

Both Celtic and Italic have collapsed the PIE Aorist and Perfect into a single past tense. In both groups, this is a relatively late development of the proto-languages, possibly dating to the time of "Italo-Celtic" language contact. Since both Proto-Celtic and Proto-Italic date to the early Iron Age (say, the centuries on either side of 1000 BC ), a probable time frame for the assumed period of language contact would be the late Bronze Age, the early to mid 2nd Millennium BC .


REFERENCES

  • Oettinger, Norbert, ''Zur Diskussion um den Lateinischen ā-Konjunktiv'', Glotta 62 (1984) 187–201.

  • Schmidt, Karl Horst, ''Contributions from New Data to the Reconstruction of the Proto-Language''. In: Edgar Polomé and Werner Winter, eds. ''Reconstructing Languages and Cultures''. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter (1992), 35–62.

  • Watkins, Calvert , ''Italo-Celtic Revisited'' in Birkbaum, Puhvel (eds.) ''Ancient Indo-European dialects'', Berkeley (1966), 29–50.