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An Italian American is an American of Italian descent. The phrase may refer to someone born in the United States or to someone who has immigrated to the United States from Italy. Although Italians arrived early in the new world, beginning with Christopher Columbus in 1492 and others, Italian immigration to the United States effectively began in the 1880s, and peaked between 1900 and 1914 , when The War made movement impossible. By 1978, 5.3 million Italians had immigrated to the United States; two million arrived between 1900 and 1914. About a third of these immigrants intended to stay only briefly, in order to make money and return to Italy. While one in four did go back, the rest either decided to stay, or were prevented from returning by World War I. Only Hispanic s, Irish and Germans immigrated in larger numbers. In the 2000 U.S. Census , Italian Americans constituted the seventh largest ancestry group in America with about 15.6 million people (5.6% of the total U.S. population). 1 In the 1930s, Italian Americans voted heavily Democratic ; since the 1960s they have split about evenly between the Democratic and the Republican parties. The U.S. Congress includes Italian Americans who are regarded as leaders in both the Republican and Democratic parties. RELIGION Most immigrants had been Catholics in Italy. Observers noted they usually became more devoutly Catholic in America. Their faith was a distinctive characteristic in America; devout Italian Americans often identified themselves as "Catholics" when talking to coworkers or neighbors. In some Italian American communities, Saint Joseph's Day ( March 19 ) is marked by celebrations and parades. Columbus Day is also widely celebrated, as are the feasts of some regional Italian Patron Saint s, most notably San Gennaro ( September 19 ) (especially by those claiming Neapolitan heritage), and Santa Rosalia ( September 4 ) by immigrants from Sicily . Common stereotypes, beginning in the 1880s and continuing to the present, link Italian Americans to the and in television shows like The Sopranos . The stereotypes have been perpetuated in works by leading Italian American artists such as writer Mario Puzo , director Francis Ford Coppola , and actors Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci , Al Pacino , James Gandolfini , Lorraine Bracco and Edie Falco . According to the National Italian American Foundation , two-thirds of Italian Americans held White Collar jobs in 1990. This organization has also asserted that the Mafia in the US never numbered more than a few thousand individuals. ITALIAN LANGUAGE IN THE UNITED STATES According to the Sons of Italy News Bureau from 1998 to 2002 , the enrollment in college Italian Language courses grew by 30%, faster than the enrollment rates for Spanish, French, and German. Italian is the fourth most commonly taught foreign language in U.S. colleges and universities behind Spanish, French, and German. According to the U. S. 2000 Census, Italian is the fifth (seventh overall) most spoken language in the United States (tied with Vietnamese) with over 1 million speakers. 2 As a result of the large wave of Italian immigration to the United States Of America in the late 1800s and early 1900s , the Italian Language was once widely spoken in much of the US, especially in northeastern and Great Lakes area cities as well as San Francisco and New Orleans . Italian-language newspapers existed in many American cities, especially New York City , into the 1990s , and Italian-language movie theatres existed in the US as late as the 1950s . Author Lawrence Distasi argues that the loss of spoken Italian among the Italian American population can be tied to US government pressures during World War II . During World War II, in various parts of the country the US government displayed signs that read, ''Don't Speak the Enemy's Language.'' Such signs designated the languages of the Axis Powers , German, Japanese, and Italian, as "enemy languages." Shortly after the US declared war on the Axis powers, many Italian, Japanese and German citizens were interned. Among the Italian Americans, those who spoke Italian, who had never taken out citizenship papers, and who belonged to groups that praised Benito Mussolini , were most likely to become candidates for internment. Distasi claims that many Italian language schools closed down in the California Bay Area within a week of the US declaration of war on the Axis powers. Such closures were inevitable since most of the teachers in Italian languages were interned. Despite the pressures of the US government during World War II, now more than ever children of Italian heritage, especially paternal heritage, are given Italian names, and raised in traditional Italian ways. The Italian language is still spoken and studied by those of Italian American descent, and it can be heard in various American communities, especially among older Italian Americans. During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, interest in Italian language and culture has surged among Italian Americans. Today's Italian American youth no longer take for granted the impressive contributions Italians and Italian Americans have made to Western Civilization , especially in the areas of fine art, music, science, literature, architecture, and cuisine. There is however a dilemma for Italian Americans who consider re-learning the language of their ancestors. The formal "Italian" that is taught in colleges and universities is generally not the "Italian" with which Italian Americans are acquainted. Eighty percent of Italian Americans are of Southern Italian origin, therefore the languages spoken by their families who arrived between 1880-1920 were most likely variations of the Neapolitan and Sicilian languages with perhaps some degree of influence from the standardized Florentine Dialect . Because the Italian of Italian Americans comes from a time just after the unification of the state, their language is in many ways anachronistic and demonstrates what the dialects of Southern Italy used to be, before the assimilating programs of the north. Because of this, Italian Americans studying "Italian" are often learning a language that does not include any of the words and phrases they know, and which their ancestors would not have recognized at all. ITALIAN AMERICAN INTERNMENT DURING WORLD WAR II The internment of Italian Americans during World War II has often been overshadowed by the were held in military camps for up to two years. Lawrence DiStasi claims that these wartime restrictions and internments contributed more than anything else to the loss of spoken Italian in the United States. After Italy declared war on the US, many Italian language papers and schools were closed almost overnight because of their past support for an enemy government. Mr. DiStasi says that the internment of Italians in America chilled the Italian American community. ITALIAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES People are often surprised to discover communities of Italian Americans in places like Omaha, Nebraska and New Orleans, Louisiana, which was the first site of immigration of Italians and Sicilians into America, before Italy was a unified nation-state. While the American South has traditionally had very few Italian immigrants, there are notable concentrations of Italian Americans in the industrial cities of Chattanooga, Tennessee and Birmingham, Alabama . In Kansas City, Missouri , the areas known as "''North of the River''" (and the former areas of "''The North End''" and "''Northeast Kansas City''") have flourished with Italian American families, mostly from Sicilian heritage, working on anywhere from 3rd to 5th generation. The following is a list of areas known for their concentrations of Italian Americans. It is not a full list. California Colorado
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Illinois
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Maryland Missouri
New York
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Ohio
ITALIAN AMERICANS BY STATE TOTALS
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NOTES #[http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf Brittingham, Angela, and G. Patricia De La Cruz. Ancestry: 2000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau, 2004.] # Language Use and English-Speaking Ability: 2000 REFERENCES
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