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Israel's ), the transliteration of these two names is ''Tokhnit HaHitnatkut'', or תוכנית ההינתקות ''Tokhnit HaHinatkut''), also known as the "disengagement plan'''," "'''Gaza Pull-Out plan'''," and "'''Hitnatkut'''") was a proposal by Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon , adopted by the government and enacted in August 2005 , to remove all permanent Israeli presence in the Gaza Strip and from four settlements in the northern West Bank . The Civilian s were evacuated (many forcibly) and the residential buildings demolished after August 15 , and the disengagement from the Gaza Strip was completed on September 12 2005, when the last Israeli soldier left the Gaza strip. The military disengagement from the northern West Bank was completed ten days later. PLAN DESCRIPTION The Gaza Strip contained twenty one civilian Israeli Settlement s, and the area evacuated in the West Bank contained four, as follows: These areas also contained numerous Israel Defense Forces (IDF) installations. Sharon said that the disengagement was designed to improve Israel's security and international status, in the absence of political negotiations to end the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict . About nine thousand Israeli residents within Gaza were instructed to leave the area or face Eviction by the night of Tuesday August 16 , 2005 . {Link without Title} . Under the disengagement plan adopted on and the Palestinians. Israel will continue to control Gaza's coastline and airspace, reserves the right to undertake military operations when necessary. (Art 3.1). Egypt will control Gaza's Egyptian border. Israel will continue to provide Gaza with water, communication, electricity, and sewage networks (Art 8); existing customs arrangements with Israel — under which imports from Israel to Gaza are not taxed, exports from Gaza to Israel are taxed, and Israel collects customs duties on foreign products entering Gaza — will remain in force and the Israeli currency will continue to be used (Art 10). Because the Palestinian Authority in Gaza does not believe it has sufficient control of the area at this time, foreign observers such as the International Committee of the Red Cross , Human Rights Watch and various legal experts have argued that the disengagement will not end Israel's legal responsibility as an occupying power in Gaza. Israel and Egypt have concluded an agreement under which Egypt can increase the number of police on its side of the border, while the IDF evacuates the Gazan side. The text of the agreement is not yet public. [http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20050831/wl_nm/mideast_israel_vote_dc]. CHRONOLOGY Political Ariel Sharon first announced his plan at the 2004 Herzliya Conference , sponsored by the Institute for Policy and Strategy. Failing to gain public support from senior ministers, Sharon agreed that the Likud Party would hold a Referendum on the plan in advance of an Israeli Cabinet vote. The referendum was held on May 2 , 2004 and ended with 65% of the voters against the disengagement plan, despite most polls showing approximately 55% of Likud members supporting the plan before the referendum. Commentators and the press described the rejection of the plan as a blow to Sharon. Sharon himself announced that he accepted the Likud referendum results and would take time to consider his steps. He ordered Minister of Defense Shaul Mofaz to create an amended plan which Likud voters could accept. On June 6 , 2004 , Sharon's government approved an amended disengagement plan, but with the reservation that the dismantling of each settlement should be voted separately. The plan was approved with a 14-7 majority but only after the National Union ministers and cabinet members Avigdor Liberman and Binyamin Elon were dismissed from the cabinet, and a compromise offer by Likud's cabinet member Tzipi Livni was achieved. Following the approval of the plan, it was decided to close the industrial zone and move its factories to development towns such as Ashkelon , Dimona , Yeruham , and Sederot . This was claimed by some news sources to be for security reasons, possibly due to what a senior Palestinian security official admits to tens of Israeli soldiers and officers meeting their deaths in suicide bombings, shooting and Qassam Rocket attacks there. Nevertheless, the Israeli Minister of Industry, Trade and Labor, Ehud Olmert , stated at the time that it was part of Israel's plan to withdraw from the Gaza Strip {Link without Title} . It caused a considerable increase in unemployment in the Gaza Strip. As a result of the passing of the plan (in principle), two NRP ( Mafdal ) ministers, Efi Eytam and Itskhak Levi , resigned, leaving the government with a minority in the Knesset . Later, the entire faction quit after their calls to hold a national referendum were ignored. Sharon's pushing through this plan alienated many of his supporters on the right and garnered him unusual support from the left-wing in Israel. The right believes that Sharon ignored the mandate he had been elected on, and instead adopted the platform of his Labor opponent, Amram Mitzna , who was overwhelmingly defeated when he campaigned on a similar disengagement plan. At that time, Sharon referred to Gaza communities such as Netzarim as "no different than Tel Aviv ". Many on both sides remained skeptical of his will to carry out a withdrawal beyond Gaza and the northern West Bank. Sharon had a majority for the plan in the government but not within his own party. This forced him to seek a National Unity government, which was established in January 2005. Opponents of the plan, and some ministers, such as Benjamin Netanyahu and former minister Natan Sharansky , called on Sharon to hold a national referendum to prove that he has a mandate. On September 14 the Israeli cabinet approved, by a 9-1 majority, plans to compensate settlers who left the Gaza Strip, with only Mafdal 's Zevulun Orlev opposing. The government's plan for compensation uses a formula that bases actual amounts on location, house size, and number of family members among other factors. Most families should receive between U.S. $200,000 and 300,000. On voted against, while Mafdal and ten members of Likud refused to support Sharon in the vote. On October 26 the Knesset gave preliminary approval for the plan with 67 for, 45 against, 7 abstentions, and 1 member absent. Netanyahu and three other cabinet ministers from Sharon's ruling Likud government threatened to resign unless Sharon agreed to hold a national referendum on the plan within fourteen days. On November 9 Netanyahu withdrew his resignation threat, saying "In this new situation death of Yasser Arafat , I decided to stay in the government". Following the vote fourteen days earlier, and Sharon's subsequent refusal to budge on the referendum issue, the three other cabinet ministers from the Likud party backed down from their threat within days. On December 30 Sharon sealed a deal with the Labor Party to form a coalition, with Shimon Peres becoming Vice Premier , restoring the government's majority in the Knesset. On February 16 , 2005 , the Knesset finalized and approved the plan with 59 in favor, 40 opposed, 5 abstaining. A proposed amendment to submit the plan to a referendum was rejected (29-72). On March 28 the Knesset again rejected a bill to delay the implementation of the disengagement plan by a vote of 72 to 39. The bill was introduced by a group of Likud MKs who wanted to force a referendum on the issue. {Link without Title} On March 17 the IDF Southern Command issued a military order prohibiting Israeli citizens who do not reside in the Gaza Strip settlements from relocating to that area. On August 7 Netanyahu resigned just prior to the cabinet ratification of the first phase of the disengagement plan by a vote of 17 to 5. Netanyahu blamed the Israeli government for moving "blindly along" with the disengagement by not taking into account the expected upsurge in terrorism. He said: I don't know when Terrorism will erupt in full force — my hope is that it won't ever. But I am convinced today that the disengagement will eventually aggravate terrorism instead of reducing it. The security establishment also expects an increase in terrorism. The withdrawal endangers Israel's security, divides its people and set the standards of the withdrawal to the '67 border. On August 10 in his first speech before the Knesset following his resignation, Netanyahu spoke of the necessity for Knesset members to oppose the proposed disengagement. He said: Only we in the Knesset are able to stop this evil. Everything that the Knesset has decided, it is also capable of changing. I am calling on all those who grasp the danger: Gather strength and do the right thing. I don't know if the entire move can be stopped, but it still might be stopped in its initial stages. give [the Palestinians guns, don't give them rockets, don't give them a sea port, and don't give them a huge base for terror. On August 15 Sharon said that, while he had hoped Israel could keep the Gaza settlements forever, reality simply intervened. "It is out of strength and not weakness that we are taking this step," he said, repeating his argument that the disengagement plan has given Israel the diplomatic initiative. {Link without Title} On August 31 the Knesset voted to withdraw from the Gaza-Egypt border and to allow Egyptian deployment of border police along the demilitarized Egyptian side of the border, revising the previously-stated intent to maintain Israeli control of the border. On reported that "Palestinian bulldozers began on Monday afternoon to knock down the synagogues left in the Gaza Strip." Gaza. {Link without Title} {Link without Title} Public reaction On June 9 , 2005 , a poll on Israeli Channel 2 showed that public support for the plan had fallen below 50 percent for the first time. {Link without Title} On August 10 , 2005 , in response to calls from Jewish religious leaders, including former Chief Rabbis Rabbi Avraham Shapira , Rabbi Ovadia Yosef , and Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu , between 70,000 (police estimate) and 250,000 (organizers' estimate) Jews gathered for a rally centered at the Western Wall in prayer to ask that the planned disengagement be cancelled. The crowds that showed up for the rally overwhelmed the Western Wall's capacity and extended as far as the rest of the Old City and surrounding Jerusalem neighborhoods. The prayer rally was the largest of its kind for over 15 years, since the opposition to the Madrid Conference Of 1991 . [http://israelreporter.com/2005/08/11/inn-largest-prayer-rally-at-kotel-in-years-250000-worshippers/ [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArtVty.jhtml?&itemNo=611030 [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3125587,00.html On August 11 , 2005 , between 150,000 (police estimates) and 300,000 (organizers' estimates) people massed in and around Tel Aviv 's Rabin Square for an anti-disengagement rally. Organizers called the event "the largest expression of public protest ever held in Israel." According to a police spokesman, it was one of the largest rallies in recent memory. [http://www.arutzsheva.com/news.php3?id=87586 [http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1123727187894 The disengagement itself On April 8 , 2005 , Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz said that Israel should consider not demolishing the evacuated buildings in the Gaza Strip, with the exception of synagogues (due to fears of their potential desecration), since it would be more costly and time consuming. This contrasted with the original plan by the Prime Minister to demolish all vacated buildings. On May 9 the beginning of the evacuation of settlements was officially pushed back from July 20 to August 15, so as to not coincide with the Jewish Holiday s of The Three Weeks and Tisha B'Av , traditionally marking grief and destruction. On July 13 Sharon signed the closure order of Gush Katif , making the area a closed military zone. From that point on, only residents who presented Israeli ID cards with their registered address in Gush Katif were permitted to enter. Permits for 24-48 hours were given to select visitors for a few weeks before the entire area was completely sealed off to non-residents. Despite this ban, supporters of Gush Katif managed to sneak in by foot through fields and dirt. Estimates range from a few hundred to a few thousand people were there illegally at this time. At one point, Sharon was ready to send in the Border Police (''Magav'') to remove non-residents, but decided against it because the manpower requirement would have been too great. At midnight between August 14 and August 15 , the Kissufim crossing was shut down, and the Gaza Strip became officially closed for entrance by Israelis. The evacuation in agreement continued after midnight of the August 17 , for the settlers who ask an extension for packing their things. On August 17 the first forced Evacuation of Settlers , as part of the disengagement, started. About 14,000 Israeli soldiers and police prepared to forcibly evacuate settlers and "mistanenim" (infiltrators). There were scenes of troops dragging screaming settlers from houses and synagogues, but with less violence than expected. {Link without Title} On August 19 '' The Guardian '' reported that some settlers had their children leave their homes with their hands up, or wearing a Star Of David badge, to associate the actions of Israel with Nazi Germany and the Holocaust . {Link without Title} On August 22 Netzarim was peacefully evacuated by the Israeli military. {Link without Title} This officially marked the end of the 38-year-long Israeli presence on the Gaza Strip, although demolition crews continued to work there, and the official handover was planned to occur some weeks later. On August 23 the evacuation of the four West Bank settlements was accomplished; while the residents of Ganim and Kadim, mostly middle-class seculars, have long left their homes, several families and about 2,000 outsiders tried to prevent the evacuation of Sa-Nur and Homesh, who had a larger percent of observant population. Following negotiations, the evacuation was completed relatively peacefully. This ended, according to IDF commander-in-chief Dan Halutz , the first of four stages of disengagement: evacuation of residents, evacuation of civilian property, demolition of houses, and finally relocation of IDF installations. The date for official withdrawal from the Gaza Strip was set to September 10-20. On , pending Israeli cabinet approval. It was also announced that in the area evacuated in the West Bank the IDF plans to transfer all control (excluding building permits and anti-terrorism) to the PA - the area will remain "Area C" (full Israeli control) De Jure , but "Area A" (full PA control) De Facto . On gate was closed in the early morning of September 12 {Link without Title} . This completed the Israeli pullout from the Gaza Strip. On September 22 the IDF withdraw from Mevo Dotan and completed the withdrawal from the West Bank settlements. Although the IDF will continue to patrol these areas, they will no longer be based here and the land will be available for Palestinian use. BBC report CRITICISMS The unilateral disengagement plan has been criticized from various viewpoints. In Israel, it has been criticized by the settlers themselves, supported by the Israeli right, who saw Ariel Sharon's action as a betrayal of his previous policies of support of settlement. Conversely, Disengagment has been criticised by many in the anti-Israel community, who viewed it as nothing more than a mode of stalling negotiations and increasing Israeli presence in the West Bank. Anti-Withdrawal Criticism Within Israel Disengagement has been criticized heavily, both for its very execution, and for the manner in which it was carried out. From the very beginning Sharon was accused of hijacking the mandate he received for a cause he was not elected. In 2003, Sharon was elected over Labor Party Chairman , Amram Mitzna . Mitzna ran on a platform that included a separation plan very similar to Sharon's Disengagement Plan. Sharon ran with an opposing platform, rejecting the idea of unilateral separation from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip . At a certain point Sharon even declared that Netzarim 's fate was the same as Tel Aviv 's. This is considered Sharon's major betrayal of the very people that elected him into office. In the cabinet's initial June vote over the plan Benjamin Netanyahu , then Finance Minster, announced he would vote in favor of the plan only if Sharon promised to hold a national referendum to decide the fate of the Gaza Strip and the northern West Bank. Such a referendum was never held, in spite of Sharon's commitment. Security arguements have also been made against the Disengagement Plan. With the IDF leaving the Gaza Strip more of Israel will be left vulnerable to Qassam Rocket attacks. Indeed, many feel vindicated since the Qassam's reach has only grown since the disengagement, and rockets have landed as far as Ashqelon and even landed in an army base in the area. Aftermath Almost all Israelis today agree that the disengagement's aftermath is a disgrace. The widely held view is that Sharon was in such a rush to execute his plan, he did not plan accordingly for the residents that have since been evacuated. Most of the former settlers were housed in hotels and guesthouses for the first few months, being threatened of yet another eviction numerous times. People were still residing in hotel rooms right up until Passover (in April) of 2006, more than eight months after losing their homes. Another issue of contention is monetary compensation. As of April of 2006, only a minimal cash advance has been given (approx. $10,000) for families to live off of until they get new jobs, which has been very difficult for most people, considering most of the newly unemployed are middle-aged and do not own proper agricultural facilities (most of Gaza's Israeli residents owned greehouses and lived off agriculture). This, in addition to the fact that former self-employed citizens are not eligible for unemployment wages. Furthermore, many people are being forced into legal battles in order to receive the funds due them by law. People are being asked to dig up 20 year phone records to prove they lived in Gaza back then. This criticism received further support from the State Comptroller 's, Micha Lindenstrauss , report of in which it was determined that the treatment of the evacuees was "big failure" and pointed out many shortcomings. The future remains uncertain for the former settlers. While some have begun to find permanent housing, the overwhelming majority remain in various forms of temporary housing, and receive little to no adequate help from the Israeli government and the international community. Pro-Withdrawal Criticism The Disengagment Plan was also criticized from the opposite viewpoint, as a tentative to make perpetual the different colonies of the West Bank, while the Gaza strip was rendered to the Palestinian Authority as an economically-uninteresting territory with a Muslim population of nearly 1.4 million, seen as a "threat" to the Jewish identity of the Israeli democratic state. As Leila Shahid , speaker of the Palestinian Authority in Europe declared, the sole fact of carrying out the plan unilaterally already showed that the plan was only thought of according to the objectives of Israel as viewed by Sharon. Brian Cowen , Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs and speaker of the European Union (EU), announced the EU's disapproval of the plan's limited scope in that it did not address withdrawal from the entire West Bank. He said that the EU "will not recognize any change to the Pre-1967 borders other than those arrived at by agreement between the parties." However, Europe has given tentative backing to the Disengagement plan as part of the Road Map For Peace . In the same time that Sharon was preparing the withdrawal, pointed out critics, he was favoring settlements in the West Bank, among them Ma'ale Adumim , the largest Israeli colony near Jerusalem which cuts the West Bank in two. According to Peace Now , the number of settlers increased by 6,100 compared with 2004, to reach 250,000 in the West Bank. In an October 6 , 2004 interview with '' Haaretz '', Dov Weissglas , Sharon's chief of staff, declared: "The significance of the disengagement plan is the freezing of the peace process... When you freeze that process, you prevent the establishment of a Palestinian state and you prevent a discussion on the refugees, the borders and Jerusalem. Disengagement supplies the amount of formaldehyde that is necessary so there will not be a political process with the Palestinians" 1 POSITIONS OF FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS U.S. government position U.S. President George W. Bush endorsed the plan as a positive step towards the Road Map For Peace . At a joint press conference with Ariel Sharon on April 11 , 2005 he said: I strongly support Minister Sharon's courageous initiative to disengage from Gaza and part of the West Bank. The Prime Minister is willing to coordinate the implementation of the disengagement plan with the Palestinians. I urge the Palestinian leadership to accept his offer. By working together, Israelis and Palestinians can lay the groundwork for a peaceful transition. [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/04/20050411-2.html] And in his May 26 , 2005 joint press conference welcoming Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas to the White House , President Bush said: The imminent Israeli disengagement from Gaza, parts of the West Bank, presents an opportunity to lay the groundwork for a return to the road map... To help ensure that the Gaza disengagement is a success, the United States will provide to the Palestinian Authority $50 million to be used for new housing and infrastructure projects in the Gaza. European Union position Javier Solana , European Union High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), stated on June 10 , 2004 : I welcome the Israeli Prime Minister's proposals for disengagement from Gaza. This represents an opportunity to restart the implementation of the Road Map, as endorsed by the UN Security Council. The Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Brian Cowen (Ireland having Presidency of the EU at the time), announced the European Union 's disapproval of the plan's limited scope in that it does not address withdrawal from the entire West Bank. He said that the EU "will not recognize any change to the Pre-1967 borders other than those arrived at by agreement between the parties." However, Europe has given tentative backing to the Disengagement plan as part of the Road Map For Peace . United Nations position ," referring to the plan sponsored by the diplomatic Quartet – UN, European Union, Russia and United States – which calls for a series of parallel steps leading to two states living side-by-side in peace by the end of the year. Ibrahim Gambari , Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, told the Security Council on August 24 , 2005 {Link without Title} : Israel has demonstrated that it has the requisite maturity to do what would be required to achieve lasting peace, and the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) has demonstrated their ability to discharge their mission with carefully calibrated restraint. Prime Minister Sharon should be commended for his determination and courage to carry out the disengagement in the face of forceful and strident internal opposition. PUBLIC OPINION ABOUT THE PLAN Palestinian opinions The Palestinian Authority , in the absence of a final peace settlement, has welcomed any military withdrawal from the territories, but many Palestinian Arabs have objected to the plan, stating that it aims to "bypass" past international agreements, and instead call for an overall withdrawal from the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Their suspicions were further aroused when top Sharon aide Dov Weisglass was quoted in an interview with Israeli newspaper '' Haaretz '' on October 6 , 2004 as saying that the disengagement would prevent a Palestinian state for years to come: The significance of the disengagement plan is the freezing of the peace process and when you freeze that process, you prevent the establishment of a Palestinian state, and you prevent a discussion on the refugees, the borders and Jerusalem. This incident has bolstered the position of critics of the plan that Sharon is intentionally trying to scuttle the peace process. Israeli officials, including Weisglass, denied this accusation, and media critics have asserted that the Weisglass interview was widely distorted and taken out of context. [http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=8&x_nameinnews=174&x_article=783 On August 8 , 2005 , ''Haaretz'' quoted a top Palestinian Authority religious cleric, Sheikh Jamal al-Bawatna, the Mufti of the Ramallah district, in a Fatwa (a religious edict) banning shooting attacks against Israeli security forces and settlements, out of concern they might lead to a postponement of the pullout. According to ''Haaretz'', this is the first time that a Muslim cleric has forbidden shooting at Israeli forces {Link without Title} . On August 15 , 2005 , scenes of delight took place across the Arab world, following the long-ingrained suspicion that the disengagement would not take place. {Link without Title} {Link without Title} Israeli opinions A September 15 , 2004 survey published in '' Maariv '' showed that:
Polls on support for the plan have consistently shown support for the plan in the 50-60% range, and opposition in the 30-40% range. A by the Tel Aviv University Institute for Media, Society, and Politics shows that Israeli approval of the disengagement is at 48%; 43% of the respondents believe that Palestinian Terrorism will increase following disengagement, versus 25% who believe that terrorism will decline. {Link without Title} On , 2004 , 100,000 Israelis marched in cities throughout Israel to protest the plan under the slogan "100 cities support Gush Katif and Samaria". {Link without Title} On May 16 , 2005 , a nonviolent protest was held throughout the country, with the protesters blocking major traffic arteries throughout Israel. The protest was sponsored by " HaBayit HaLeumi ", and was hailed by them as a success, with over 400 protestors arrested, half of them juveniles. Over 40 intersections throughout the country were blocked, including:
On after police prevented protesters from continuing to Gush Katif . On August 2 , 2005 another protest against disengagement began in Sederot with approximately 50,000 attendees. A widely publicized weeklong show of support for the disengagement attracted only tens of supporters. The supporters drove in a caravan through Israel, ending in Jerusalem. According to the organizer, there were at most seventy cars involved. {Link without Title} Those advocating suspension or cancellation of the plan have often quoted one or more of these arguments:
Orange Ribbon s in Israel symbolize opposition to the disengagement; it is the color of the flag of the Gush Katif Regional Council , as well as being reminiscent of the Orange Revolution in Ukraine . Blue Ribbon s (sometimes blue-and-white ribbons) symbolize support for the disengagement and are intended to invoke the Israeli Flag . American opinions Polls in the U.S. about the question of the Gaza pullout produced varied results. One poll commissioned by the Anti-Defamation League , and conducted by the Marttila Communications Group from June 19–23, 2005 among 2200 American adults, found that 71% of respondents felt that the Disengagement Plan is closer to a "bold step that would advance the Peace Process" than to a "capitulation to terrorist violence," while 12% felt that the plan is more of a "capitulation" than a "bold step". Another poll commissioned by the Zionist Organization Of America , and conducted by McLaughlin & Associates on June 26 - 27, 2005, with a sample of 1,000 American adults, showed U.S. opposition to the proposed disengagement. Respondents, by a margin of 4 to 1 (63% to 16%) opposed "Israel’s unilateral withdrawal from a section of Gaza and northern Samaria and forcing 10,000 Israeli Jews from their homes and businesses" and by a margin of 2.5 to 1 (53% to 21)%, agreed with the statement that "this Gaza Plan sends a message that Arab terrorism is being rewarded". Morton Klein, President of the Zionist Organization of America, criticized the Anti-Defamation League commissioned poll, stating that the question in the poll was not whether or not respondents agreed with the Disengagement Plan, but was a subjective characterization of primary motives behind it: whether Israeli politicians are acting more for the sake of capitulating to terrorism or for the sake of continuing the road map. The Anti-Defamation League, in turn, criticized the ZOA commissioned poll, calling its wording " Loaded ." REFERENCES SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS Official Documents
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