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Isfahan or '''Eşfahān''' (historically also rendered as ''Ispahan'', Old Persian ''Aspadana'', Middle Persian ''Spahān'', ), located about 340 km south of Tehran , is the capital of Isfahan Province and Iran ( Persia )'s third largest city (after Tehran and Mashhad ). Its population in 2000 was 2,040,000. Isfahan has been designated by UNESCO as a world heritage city. It contains a wide variety of Islamic Architectural sites ranging from the 11th century to the 19th. The fame of Isfahan was such that the Jazz musician Duke Ellington wrote a song with this name. GEOGRAPHY The city is geographically located at , in the lush Zayandeh Rud plain, at the foothills of the Zagros mountain range. The city enjoys a temperate climate and regular seasons. No obstacle exists as far as 90 km north of Isfahan and cool northern winds blow from this direction. Isfahan is located on the main north-south and east-west routes crossing Iran. It is situated at 1590 meters above sea level. It receives an average of 355 mm of rain per year, making it similar to Denver, Colorado in terms of altitude and precipitation. The temperature ranges between 2 and 28 degrees Celsius. The record high temperature was 42 degrees Celsius and the record low was −19 degrees Celsius. The southern and western approaches of Isfahan are mountainous and it is bordered northward and eastward by fertile plains. Thus, Isfahan's climate is varied and occasionally rainy, with a precipitation average varying between 100 and 150 mm. Isfahan was once one of the largest cities in the world. It flourished from 1050 to 1722 , particularly in the 16th Century under the Safavid dynasty, when it was the capital of Persia . Even today, the city retains much of its past glory. It is famous for its Islamic Architecture , with many beautiful boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, mosques, and minarets. This led to the proverb ''Esfahān nesf-e jahān ast'': "Esfahan is half of the world". Of all Iranian cities, Isfahan is perhaps the most popular for tourists. HISTORY Prehistory History of Isfahan can be traced back to the Palaeolithic period. In recent Archaeological discoveries, archaeologist have found artifacts, dated back to Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, bronze and Iron ages. From Elamites to Arab Invasion Ancient Isfahan was part of the Elamite empire. Under the name of Aspandana it became one of the principal towns of the Median Dynasty , when Iranian Medes settled there. Subsequently the province became part of the Achaemenid Empire and after the liberation of Iran from Macedonian occupation by the Arsacids , it became part of Parthian Empire . Isfahan was the centre and capital city of a large province, which was administered by Arsacid governors. In the Sassanid era, Isfahan was governed by "Espoohrans" or the members of seven noble Iranian families who had important royal positions, and served as the residence of these noble families as well. Moreover, in this period Isfahan was a military centre with strong fortifications. This city was occupied by Arabs after the Final Defeat Of Iranians . Arab Invasion Isfahan, like other cities of Iran, fell under the rule of Arabs until the Abbasid era, only being attended to by Al-Mansur . In the 10th century, under the Buwayhid Dynasty , Isfahan regained its importance. In the reign of Malik Shah I of the Seljuk Dyansty , Isfahan was again selected as capital and commenced another golden age. In this period, Isfahan was one of the most thriving and important cities of the world. The famous Persian Philosopher Avicenna lived and taught there in the 11th Century . This city was raided and massacred by The Mongols in the 13th century, followed by Timur in 1387 . However, as the result of its suitable geographic situation, Isfahan flourished again especially in Safavid Dynasty , which developed considerably. or ''Shah Jame' Mosque'' in Isfahan. This mosque is the most glorious sign of flourishing architecture during the Safavid Dynasty .]] The Golden Age of Isfahan arrived in the 16th Century under Shah Abbas The Great (1587-1629), who made it the new capital of the Safavid dynasty. During the reign of Shah Abbas I, who unified Persia, Isfahan reached its pinnacle of briskness. Isfahan had parks, libraries and mosques that amazed Europeans, who had not seen anything like this at home. The Persians called it ''Nesf-e-Jahan'', half the world; meaning that to see it was to see half the world. In its heyday it was also one of the largest with a population of one million; 163 mosques, 48 religious schools, 1801 shops and 263 public baths. In 1722 , it was raided by the Afghans after a long siege, which left much of the city in ruins. Although the Afghans were a primary cause of Isfahan's decline, this can also be attributed to the development of maritime commerce by European merchants from such countries such as the Netherlands . Isfahan's wealth originated in its role as a chief waystation along the trans- Asia trade route, but trade dwindled as the cheaper sea routes increased in popularity for transporting commodities between Asia and Europe . It was only in the 20th Century under Reza Shah Pahlavi that the city was finally revived. CULTURE Architecture of Isfahan architecture, which focuses on scale and grandeur, Safavid architecture targets refinement in subtlety. View of Ali Qapu Palace which basically built in contrast to Ottoman architecure.]] The architecture of Isfahan is made up of eight traditional forms which taken together form the foundation in the same way that music was once based on a finite number of notes. These are modulated by the use of colors and textures to leaven the surfaces and are held together in an overall construction akin to that of a sonata in which connection leads to culmination through a transition space. To appreciate the skill of the architects and designers fully, it is necessary to have an appreciation of these fundamental concepts i.e. garden, platform, porch, gateway, dome, arched chamber, and minaret, although in the geometry and architecture of the buildings they are woven together to present a seamless whole. A full discussion of the underlying principles can be found in the paper entitled "The Alchemy of the Mosque", given to a joint meeting of the School of Architecture and the Islamic Society of the University of Manchester in 1997. Historical sites ;Squares and Streets
;Palaces
;Madressa (religious schools)
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Image:Naghsh-e-jahan Masjed-e-shah Esfahanjpg
| "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/encyclopedia/entry/Shah_Mosque" class="copylinks">Shah Mosque in a north-south view of Naqsh-e Jahan Square |
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Image:Allah Verdi Khaan-Esfahanjpg''Allah Verdi Khān Bridge'' Or The Famous ''
| "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/encyclopedia/entry/33_pol" class="copylinks">33 Pol '' |
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Image:Baptistère Kelisa-e-vank Esfahanjpg''Kelisa-e Vank'' (
| "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/encyclopedia/entry/Vank_Cathedral" class="copylinks">Vank Cathedral ) |
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Image:Moschee-IsfahanjpegMinarets Of
| "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/encyclopedia/entry/Shah_Mosque" class="copylinks">Shah Mosque |
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Image:33pol EsfahanjpgThe Famous
| "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/encyclopedia/entry/33_pol" class="copylinks">33 Pol over Zayandeh Rud river is the epitome of Safavid bridge design |
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Image:Madreseh Honar EsfahanjpgA Medieval
| "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/encyclopedia/entry/Khaneqah" class="copylinks">Khaneqah , now housing Isfahan's University of Art |
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