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The IBM 1130 Computing System was introduced in 1965 . It was IBM 's least-expensive Computer to date, and was aimed at price-sensitive, computing-intensive technical markets like education and engineering. The IBM 1800 was a Process Control variant of the 1130 with two extra Instructions (CMP and DCM) and extra I/O capabilities. DESCRIPTION The 1130 became quite popular, and the 1130 and its non-IBM clones gave many people their first feel of "personal computing." Though its price-performance ratio was good and it notably included inexpensive Disk Storage , it otherwise broke no new ground technically. The 1130 holds a place in computing history primarily because of the fondness its former users hold for it. The IBM 1130 used System/360 electronics packaging called Solid Logic Technology (SLT) and had a 16-bit binary architecture, not very different from later Minicomputer s like the PDP-11 or Data General Nova . The Address Space was 15 bits, limiting the 1130 to 32 K 16-bit Word s of Core Memory . Both direct and indirect addressing capabilities were implemented. Amazing loops were possible. Much programming was done in Fortran . The 1130 Fortran Compiler could run on a machine with only 4K words of core. That's 8 Kilobytes , the minimum file allocation on many PC 's. To maximize speed and conserve space, the operating system and compilers were written entirely in Assembly Language , and employed techniques seen less frequently today including tight integration of code and data as well as Self-modifying Code . Other programming languages available on the 1130 included: APL , BASIC , COBOL , FORTH , PL/I and RPG . Eastern Michigan University developed a Fortran IV compiler for the 1130. The basic 1130 came with an IBM 2310 disk drive. These read pizza-box-sized 2315 single platter cartridges that held 512 K words or 1 M byte (less than a 3.5" floppy). Disk memory was used to store the operating system, object code, and data, but not source code. The last was kept on Punch Card s. The Disk Operating System was called DMS or DM2 (for Disk Monitor System, Release 2). Other available peripherals included the IBM 1132 and IBM 1403 Lineprinter s, the IBM 1442 card reader/punch, the IBM 2311 Disk Drive, the IBM 2250 Graphic Display Unit and the IBM 1627 drum plotter. The plotter was very useful for engineering work. The console typewriter used an IBM Selectric mechanism, which meant one could change the type by replacing a hollow, golf-ball sized type element. There was a special type element available for APL , a powerful array-oriented programming language using a special symbolic notation. The IBM 1130 MTCA, for ''Multiple Terminal Control Adapter'', was announced late in the 1130's product life; it allowed up to four 2741 terminals to be connected to an IBM 1130, for use with APL. A standard 1130 had a 3.6 microsecond memory cycle time, with a more expensive model equipped with 2.2 µs memory cycle time. (You could use the latter with a 1403 printer connected through a 1133 multiplexer.) To further tap the low end of the market, IBM introduced the 1130 Model 4, with a 5.6 µs cycle time - at a lower price of course. The Model 4's 1132 printer was derated as well, but the slower CPU still could not keep up with it. (The 1132 used the CPU to determine when to fire the print wheels as they rotated, a very compute intensive function.) Careful readers of the 1130 hardware manual discovered that when the printer Interrupt level (4) was on, the 1130 Model 4 ran at the faster 3.6 us cycle time. Some users of the Model 4 would write a phony Printer Driver that turned on level 4 and left it on. They would call this driver when running a compute intensive job and write their output to disk, the printer being unusable, of course. When done, they'd run a normal program to print their output. IBM 1130 MODELS IBM implemented five models of the 1131 Central Processing Unit which was the primary processing component of the IBM 1130 Computing Systems.
CHRONOLOGY
TRIVIA Brian Utley was the 1130's Project Manager during its development and introduction. Brian said at the third 11/30 party that before IBM Marketing named the 1130 it was known as the Small Engineering Computer System or SECS. The initial architecture was 18 bits but was changed to 16 bits due to the influence of the System/360 development. The full dialogue of his 2005 presentation is available here . Notable software designer Grady Booch got his first exposure to programming on an IBM 1130. Quote from interview : '' ... I pounded the doors at the local IBM sales office until a salesman took pity on me. After we chatted for a while, he handed me a Fortran {Link without Title} . I'm sure he gave it to me thinking, "I'll never hear from this kid again." I returned the following week saying, "This is really cool. I've read the whole thing and have written a small program. Where can I find a computer?" The fellow, to my delight, found me programming time on an IBM 1130 on weekends and late-evening hours. That was my first programming experience, and I must thank that anonymous IBM salesman for launching my career. Thank you, IBM.'' Also Guy Steele wrote a LISP interpreter for the IBM 1130 when he was in high school (Boston Latin School, which had an IBM 1130 for student use) (Personal recollection) Chuck Moore wanted to call his new language "Fourth" but the IBM 1130 operating system was limited to five character names, so it wound up being called FORTH . Dan Bricklin creator of the VisiCalc program got his start in programming when he learned and used the IBM 1130 as part of the National Science Foundation Computer/Math Summer Project for high school students, given at the University of Pennsylvania in 1966. An IBM 1130 with 8 kilowords of core was used for the world's first full-time Search For Extraterrestrial Intelligence research at The Ohio State University Radio Observatory . INSTRUCTION SET OVERVIEW
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