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COMPANY HISTORY In 1832 , William Ticknor and James Thomas Fields had gathered an impressive list of writers, including Ralph Waldo Emerson , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Mark Twain , and Henry David Thoreau . The duo formed a close relationship with Riverside Press, a Boston printing company owned by Henry Oscar Houghton. Shortly after, Houghton also founded a publishing company with partner George Mifflin. In 1880 , Ticknor and Fields, and Houghton and Mifflin merged their operations, combining the Literary works of Writer s with the expertise of a Publisher , creating a new partnership named Houghton, Mifflin and Company. Shortly thereafter, the company established an Educational Department and from 1891 to 1908 , sales of educational materials increased by five hundred percent. Soon after 1916 , Houghton Mifflin became involved in publishing Standardized Test s and testing materials, working closely with developers of such tests, including E.F. Lindquist. The company was the fourth-largest educational publisher in the United States in 1921 . Today, the company has three assessment divisions: Riverside Publishing, Edusoft, and Promissor. In 1967 , Houghton Mifflin became a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange under the stock symbol HTN. (However, the company no longer trades under this symbol.) During the 1990s , Houghton Mifflin acquired both McDougal Littell and Company, an educational publisher for secondary school materials, and D.C. Heath And Company , a publisher of supplemental educational materials. In 1996 , the company created their Great Source Education Group to combine the supplemental material product lines of their School Division and these two companies. In 2001 , Houghton Mifflin was acquired by French media giant Vivendi Universal but shortly thereafter was sold to Thomas H. Lee, Bain Capital , and The Blackstone Group , who remain the current owners. LOCATIONS
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