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Hirohito (裕仁)
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Michi no miya
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1926
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1989
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''Shōwa'' (昭和)
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1926
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1989
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Emperor Shōwa (昭和天皇)
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(
April 29 ,
1901 –
January 7 ,
1989 ) was the 124th
Emperor Of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from
1926 to
1989 . Since his death he has been known as in
Japan , although he is widely referred to as Hirohito, or Emperor Hirohito outside of Japan. His reign was the longest of any historical Japanese emperor, and oversaw many significant changes to Japanese society.
Born in the Aoyama Palace in
Tokyo , Hirohito was the first son of then
Crown Prince Yoshihito and then-
Crown Princess Sadako . His childhood title was . He became heir apparent upon the death of his grandfather,
Emperor Meiji , on
July 30 ,
1912 . His formal investiture as Crown Prince took place on
November 2 ,
1916 .
He attended the boy's department of
Gakushuin Peer's School from
1908 to
1914 and then a special institute for the Crown Prince (Tōgū-gogakumonsho) from
1914 to
1921 . On
November 29 ,
1921 , he became
Regent of
Japan , in place of his ailing father. In
1922 , Prince Regent Hirohito took a six month tour of the
United Kingdom and five other
Europe an countries (
France ;
Italy ,
Vatican City ;
The Netherlands ; and
Belgium ) thus becoming the first Japanese crown prince to travel abroad.
He married his distant cousin Princess
Nagako , the eldest daughter of
Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi , on
January 26 ,
1924 . There were seven children from the marriage:
#Princess Teru (''Teru no miya Shigeko''), b.
December 9 ,
1925 , d.
July 23 ,
1961 ; m.
October 10 1943 Prince Morihiro (b.
May 6 ,
1916 , d.
February 1 ,
1969 ), the eldest son of
Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko and his wife, Princess Toshiko, the eighth daughter of Emperor Meiji; lost status as imperial family members,
October 14 ,
1947 .
#Princess Hisa (''Hisa no miya Sachiko''), b.
September 10 ,
1927 , d.
March 8 ,
1928 .
#Princess Taka (''Taka no miya Kazuko''), b.
September 30 ,
1929 , d.
May 26 ,
1989 ; m.
May 5 ,
1950 Mr. Toshimichi Takatsukasa (b.
August 26 ,
1923 , d.
January 27 ,
1966 ), eldest son of Nobusuke Takatsukasa
{Link without Title} .
#Princess Yori (''Yori no miya Atsuko''), b.
March 7 ,
1931 ; m.
October 10 ,
1952 Mr. Takamasa Ikeda (b.
October 21 ,
1927 ), eldest son of former Marquis Nobumasa Ikeda.
#
Crown Prince Akihito (now HM The Emperor), b.
December 23 ,
1933 ; m.
April 10 ,
1959 Miss
Michiko Shoda (b.
October 20 ,
1934 ), elder daughter of Mr. Hidesaburo Shoda, former president and chairman of Nisshin Flour Milling Company.
#
Prince Hitachi (''Hitachi no miya Masahito''), b.
November 28 ,
1935 ; m.
October 30 ,
1964 Miss Hanako Tsugaru (b.
July 19 ,
1940 ), fourth daughter of former Count Yoshitaka Tsugaru.
#Princess Suga (''Suga no miya Takako''), b.
March 2 ,
1939 ; m.
March 3 ,
1960 Mr. Hisanaga Shimazu, son of former Count Hisanori Shimazu.
On
December 25 ,
1926 , upon the death of his father Yoshihito, he succeeded to the throne and a new era ''Shōwa'' (Enlightened Peace) was proclaimed. He was
Crowned emperor on
November 10 ,
1928 in
Kyoto . The new emperor had the distinction of being the first Japanese monarch in several hundred years whose biological mother was his predecessor's official wife.
The first part of Hirohito's reign as sovereign (between
1926 and
1945 ) took place against a background of increasing military power within the government, through both legal and extralegal means. The
Imperial Japanese Army and
Imperial Japanese Navy had held
Veto power over the formation of cabinets since
1900 , and between
1921 and
1944 there were no fewer than 64 incidents of right-wing political violence.
One notable case was the assassination of moderate
Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi in
1932 , which marked the end of any real
Civilian Control Of The Military . This was followed by an attempted
Military Coup in February
1936 , mounted by junior Army officers; it was occasioned by a loss of ground by the militarist faction in
Diet elections. The coup resulted in the murder of a number of high government and Army officials, and was put down with Hirohito angrily assuming a major role in confronting them.
Still, from the
1930s on, the military clique held almost all political power in Japan, and pursued policies that eventually led Japan to fight the
Second Sino-Japanese War and
World War II .
During
World War II , under Hirohito's leadership, Japan formed
Alliance s with
Nazi Germany and
Fascist Italy , forming the
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis . In the immediate aftermath of the war, many believed that Emperor Shōwa was an evil mastermind behind the war, while others claimed that he was simply a powerless
Figurehead , and that the real power lay with
Hideki Tojo .
Many people in China, Taiwan, Korea and Southeast Asia see Hirohito as Asia's
Hitler of World War II, and some feel he should have been tried for
War Crime s. Because of this, many Asians residing in countries that were subject to Japanese invasion retain a hostile attitude towards the
Japanese Imperial Family . The central question is how much real control Hirohito had over the Japanese military during the two wars. The view promoted by both the Japanese Imperial Palace and the American occupation forces immediately after World War II had Hirohito behaving strictly according to protocol, remaining at a distance from the decision-making processes. On the other hand,
Herbert Bix has recently produced evidence suggesting that the emperor worked through intermediaries to exercise a great deal of control over the military, and that he may even have been the prime mover of most of the events of the two wars.
On
September 4 ,
1941 , the Japanese Cabinet met to consider the war plans prepared by Imperial General Headquarters, and decided that:
Our Empire, for the purpose of self-defence and self-preservation, will complete preparations for war ... is ... resolved to go to war with the United States , Great Britain and the Netherlands if necessary. Our Empire will concurrently take all possible diplomatic measures vis-a-vis the United States and Great Britain, and thereby endeavor to obtain our objectives ... In the event that there is no prospect of our demands being met by the first ten days of October through the diplomatic negotiations mentioned above, we will immediately decide to commence hostilities against the United States, Britain and the Netherlands.
The "objectives" to be obtained were clearly defined: a free hand to continue with the conquest of
China and
Southeast Asia , no increase in US or British military forces in the region, and cooperation by the West "in the acquisition of goods needed by our Empire".
On
September 5 , Prime Minister
Konoe informally submitted a draft of the decision to the Emperor, just one day in advance of the Imperial Conference at which it would be formally implemented. According to the traditional view (again, contradicted by Bix's research), Hirohito was deeply concerned by the decision to place "war preparations first and diplomatic negotiations second" and announced his intention to break with centuries-old protocol and, at the Imperial Conference on the following day, directly question the chiefs of the Army and Navy general staffs — a quite unprecedented action. Konoe quickly persuaded Hirohito to summon them for a private conference instead, at which the Emperor made it plain that a peaceful settlement was to be pursued "up to the last". Chief of Naval General Staff Admiral
Osami Nagano , a former Navy Minister and vastly experienced, later told a trusted colleague "I have never seen the Emperor reprimand us in such a manner, his face turning red and raising his voice."
Nevertheless, all speakers at the Imperial Conference were united in favour of war rather than diplomacy. Baron
Yoshimichi Hara , President of the Imperial Council and the Emperor's representative, then questioned them closely, producing replies to the effect that war would only be considered as a last resort from some, and silence from others.
At this point, the sovereign astonished all present by addressing the conference personally, and in breaking the tradition of Imperial silence left his advisors "struck with awe". (Prime Minister Konoe's description of the event.) Emperor Hirohito stressed the need for peaceful resolution of international problems, expressed regret at his ministers' failure to respond to Baron Hara's probings, and recited a poem written by his grandfather,
Emperor Meiji which, he said, he had read "over and over again":
: ''Methinks all the people of the world are brethren, then.''
: ''Why are the waves and the wind so unsettled nowadays?''
Recovering from their shock, the ministers hastened to express their profound wish to explore all possible peaceful avenues. The war preparations continued without the slightest change, however, and within weeks Cabinet would replace the insufficiently belligerent Konoe with the hard line General
Hideki Tojo , formally chosen by Hirohito under the Constitution (but whether he was in fact favored by Hirohito remains disputed). On
December 8 (
December 7 in Hawaii)
1941 , in simultaneous attacks, Japanese forces struck at the US Fleet in
Pearl Harbor and began the
Invasion Of South-East Asia . From here, there was no turning back.
Whatever his actual involvement leading up to hostilities, with the nation now fully committed to the war, Emperor Hirohito took a keen interest in military progress and sought to boost morale, just as George VI did, for example, in Britain at the same time. To begin with, the news was all good. As the tide of war gradually began to turn (around late
1942 and early
1943 ), some people argue that the flow of information to the palace gradually began to bear less and less relation to reality, while others suggest that the emperor worked closely with Prime Minister Tojo, continued to be well and accurately briefed by the military, and knew Japan's military position precisely right up to the point of surrender. In the first six months of war, all the major engagements had been victories. Throughout the following years, the sequence of drawn and then decisively lost engagements was also reported to the public as a series of great victories. Only gradually did it become apparent to the people in the home islands that the situation was very grim. U.S. air raids on the cities of Japan starting in
1944 made a mockery of the unending tales of victory. Later that year, with the downfall of Hideki Tojo's government, two other prime ministers were appointed to continue the war effort,
Kuniaki Koiso and
Kantaro Suzuki - again, with at least the formal approval of Hirohito, but whether he agreed with their policies is still disputed. Both were unsuccessful and Japan was nearing defeat.
In early
1945 , in the wake of the loss of
Leyte , the Emperor began a series of individual meetings with senior government officials to consider the progress of the war. All but one advised continuing. The exception was ex-Prime Minister
Fumimaro Konoe , who feared a
Communist revolution even more than defeat and urged a negotiated surrender. According to some accounts, Hirohito apparently took the view that peace was essential, but that the armed forces would have to engineer a conspicuous military victory somewhere in order to provide a stronger bargaining position. With each passing week this became less likely. In April the
Soviet Union issued notice that it would not renew its neutrality agreement. Japan's ally
Germany surrendered in early May 1945. In June, the cabinet reassessed the war strategy, only to decide more firmly than ever on a fight to the last man. This was officially affirmed at a brief Imperial Council meeting, to which the Emperor listened in stone-faced silence.
The following day, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
Koichi Kido prepared a draft document which summarised the hopeless military situation and proposed a negotiated settlement. According to some sources, the Emperor privately approved of it and authorised Kido to circulate it discreetly amongst the less hawkish cabinet members; others suggest that the Emperor was indecisive, and that the mixed signals from the palace may have delayed the peace process, costing many tens of thousands of Japanese and Allied lives. By mid-June the cabinet had agreed to approach the Soviet Union to act as a mediator, though not before the bargaining position had been improved by a repulse of the coming Allied invasion of mainland Japan.
On , and as late as July
1945 the Japanese government was not prepared to consider that option: they insisted on at least one condition, a guarantee of the emperor's continuing position in Japanese society.
On
August 15 ,
1945 , following the
Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki and the
Entry Of The Soviet Union into the war against Japan, Hirohito, after more hesitation, abandoned the condition of preserving his own position and finally made the radio broadcast announcing the unconditional surrender of Japan's military forces (known as ''
Gyokuon-hōsō ''). The broadcast exhorted the Japanese to "accept the unacceptable" in surrender; it was the first time the public had ever heard the Emperor's voice.
There were attempts by numerous leaders, among them
President Harry S Truman , to have Hirohito put on trial for alleged
War Crimes . U.S. General
Douglas MacArthur insisted that Hirohito remain Emperor to keep him as a symbol of the continuity and cohesion of the Japanese people. Hirohito was spared trial and retained the throne, but Hirohito was forced to explicitly reject (in the ) the traditional claim that the Emperor of Japan was divine, and a descendant of the
Sun Goddess . According to the
Japanese Constitution Of 1889 , Hirohito had a divine power over his country, which was derived from the mythology of the Japanese Imperial Family who were said to be the offspring of the creator of Japan,
Amaterasu . The imperial title was thus transformed from 'imperial sovereign' to '
Constitutional Monarch ' in
1946 . Immediately after Hirohito's repudiation of divinity, he asked the occupation authorities for permission to worship the Sun Goddess. Some have seen this as an implicit reaffirmation of the claim to divine status; others have seen it as simply an expression of Hirohito's personal religious beliefs, with no political or social implications.
]]
Although Hirohito was forced to reject any claims to his own divine status, his status was deliberately left vague, partly because General MacArthur thought him likely to be a useful tool to get the Japanese to accept the occupation, and partly due to behind-the-scenes maneuverings by
Shigeru Yoshida to thwart MacArthur's attempts at casting Hirohito as a European-style monarch. While Hirohito was usually seen as a
Head Of State , there is still a broad dispute about whether he became a mere citizen or something else. Many scholars claim that today's ''tennō'' (usually translated
Emperor Of Japan in English) is not an
Emperor . See the "
Emperor Of Japan " article for discussion of the position of Emperor of Japan.
For the rest of his life, Hirohito was an active figure in Japanese life, and performed many of the duties commonly associated with a constitutional
Head Of State . The emperor and his family maintained a strong public presence, often holding public walkabouts, and making public appearances on special events and holidays. He also played an important role in rebuilding Japan's diplomatic image, traveling abroad to meet with many foreign leaders, including numerous American presidents and Queen
Elizabeth II .
Hirohito was deeply interested in and well-informed about
Marine Biology , and the
Imperial Palace contained a laboratory from which Hirohito published several papers in the field. His contributions include the description of several dozen species of
Jellyfish new to science.
On , Emperor Showa's funeral was held, and unlike that of his predecessor, it was not done in a strictly
Shinto manner, and a number of world leaders attended it. He is buried in the Imperial mausoleum in
Hachioji , alongside other past emperors.
Although largely refraining from becoming involved in the politics surrounding
Yasukuni Jinja , Hirohito maintained an official boycott of the controversial monument from
1978 , when it was revealed to him that wartime Prime Minister
Hideki Tojo was being honored there, until the time of his death.
This boycott has been maintained by his son
Akihito , who has also refused to worship at Yasukuni since
1978 .
- Mosley, Leonard ''Hirohito, Emperor of Japan'', Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1966. ISBN 1111755396 ISBN 1199997609 - The first full-length biography, it gives his basic story.
- Hoyt, Edwin P. ''Hirohito: The Emperor and the Man'', Praeger Publishers, 1992. ISBN 0275940691
- Behr, Edward ''Hirohito: Behind the Myth'', Villard, New York, 1989. - A controversial book that posited that Hirohito had a more active role in WWII than had publically been portrayed; it contributed to the re-appraisal of his role.
- Bix, Herbert P. ''Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan'', HarperCollins, 2000. ISBN 006019314X - A recent scholarly (and copiously sourced) look at the same issue.
- Wetzler, Peter ''Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan'', University of Hawaii Press, 1998. ISBN 082481925X
- Kawahara, Toshiaki ''Hirohito and His Times: A Japanese Perspective'', Kodansha International, 1997. ISBN 0870119796 (Japanese standard image)
