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Heim theory is a term used to describe a non-mainstream proposed ' Theory Of Everything ', based on the assumptions used by Heim on his work in propulsion and mass calculations. Neither most of his original work nor theories based on his work have been '' Peer Reviewed ''. Burkhard Heim attempted to resolve incompatibilities between Quantum Theory and General Relativity . To meet that goal, he developed a mathematical approach based on quantizing spacetime itself, and proposed the Metron as a (two-dimensional) quantum of (multidimensional) space. The mathematics behind Heim's theory requires extending spacetime with extra dimensions; various formulations by Heim and his successors involve 6, 8, or 12 dimensions. Within the quantum spacetime of Heim theory, Elementary Particles are represented as "hermetry forms" or multidimensional structures of space. In his lifetime, Heim has attempted to use his method to calculate elementary particle masses directly from fundamental physical constants. Most of the resulting masses are in remarkable agreement with experiment. After his death, others have continued with his multi-dimensional "quantum hyperspace" framework. Most notable are the theoretical generalizations put forth by Walter Dröscher , who worked in collaboration with Heim at some length. Their combined theories are also known as "Heim-Droescher" theories. There are some discrepancies between the original "Heim Theory" and the extended versions proposed by his successors. For example, in its original version Heim theory used 6 dimensions, which was sufficient to derive the masses of elementary particles. Droescher first extended this to 8, in order to demonstrate that the Quantum Electrodynamics and QCD structures of the Standard Model could be found within this expanded version of the original Heim theory. Later, 4 more dimensions were used in the 12 dimensional version that involves extra gravitational forces one of which corresponds to Quintessence . All these theories are often known as "Heim theories". The various Dimension al extensions allow one to interpret that branches of established physics can be found in Heim theory, including Maxwell's Equations . The extended Heim-Dröscher theory also claims to account for the " Dark Matter " problem of Astrophysics . HISTORY The basic theory was developed in near by the AIAA Nuclear and Future Flight Technical Committee. Von Ludwiger's presentation was to the First European Workshop on Field Propulsion, January 20-22, 2001 at the University of Sussex (see list of talks {Link without Title} ). Droescher was able to extend Heim's 6-dimensional theory, which had been sufficient for derivation of the mass formula, to an 8-dimensional theory which included particle interactions, thus re-producing the structures seen in the standard model. PRINCIPLES Two of the main principles of Heim's theory are his:
These are empirical predictions which can in principle be experimentally verified, but have not all been achieved to date. Physicists have confirmed that neutrinos have mass. This is a major finding of the US-based Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (Minos) experiment. The news release of this is found in the "News Items" section. Heim also introduces in his theory a new vocabulary which describes his predicted forces and interactions with matter. As a majority of these terms were originally in German, translation of these into English has resulted in some ambiguity. INTRODUCTION In order to appreciate the significance of Heim theory and other "theories of everything", it is necessary to briefly discuss the incompatibilities of quantum theory and general relativity. For sufficiently small and bound System s, (say, around the size of Atom s and Quark s) quantum theory proposes that these systems behave as if certain physical characteristics of them are Quantized . For example, only fixed amounts of Energy can be exchanged with such systems. For sufficiently large and unbound systems, General Relativity proposes that energy and Mass are interchangeable, and that systems possess a continuum of energies as particles approach the speed of Light . If we consider the situation where small particles move close to the speed of light in a bound system, both theories become problematic in describing the full behaviour of the observed system. This is because discretization of energy proposed by quantum mechanics is apparently incompatible with the continuum of energy proposed by general relativity and its consequences. A similar situation arises when an attempt is made to describe a large quantity of mass or energy confined to a small region of Space . In particular, a successful theory that can unify quantum and general relativity theory should be able to explain the Lifetime s of particles (how long the particle exists before it Decay s into energy and disappears), and the reasoning behind the observed quantization of mass in elementary particles. To resolve this difference, Heim theory attempts to explain the nature of Elementary Particle s, along with their observed lifetimes and discrete Mass Spectrum using a concept known as Quantized Geometrodynamics . This concept involves an Abstract Math ematical object embedded in 12-dimensional space. The space occupied by this object is extremely small. In this model, all space consists of many quantized Surface Element s on the order of 10-70 m2 small. Each quantized surface element is known as a Metron (term coined by Heim). The theory is a purely Geometrical theory - that is, space is considered quantized and all the Nuclear Force s arise analogously to Gravity in general relativity. Some features of the theory are:
TERMINOLOGY Heims theory as any scientific discipline requires strict terminology to be used, even more stringent than in other disciplines due to the complexity and vastness of the theory. This section declares the terms and gives a short explanation:
THE MASS FORMULAE The mass formulae are perhaps the most important aspects of Heim's theory at the moment. This is because it is the portion of his theory which can be thoroughly analyzed by comparing its numerical results and a standard table of masses for fundamental particles. There are multiple mass formula equations used in succession to compute the entire theoretical " Mass Spectrum ". The mass spectrum predicts the masses of fundamental particles and their "resonances". It consists of several nested levels of variables, and is described in summary in the paper "Recommendation of a Way to a Unified Description of Elementary Particles" by Burkhard Heim, published in the journal Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Teil A, Band 32A Heft 1-7, 1977 Jan.-Juli, pg. 233-243. Heim gives the ''form'' of the mass spectrum to be : In Heim's 1989 mass formula {Link without Title} , the expression for the masses is broken down as follows: : (see the above link for explanations of the terms in this expression). The derivation of Heim's 1989 formula relies on the partial result published in 1977. Also, there are specific mass spectrum formulae for charged particles, and uncharged particles. These formulae are based on their respective ''hermetry forms''. Comparison between theoretical and experimental values Here are tables comparing the experimental masses and lifetimes of selected particles with the data generated using Heim's non-peer reviewed code: The mass for the neutron has been predicted by the formula a decade before experimental data existed.
Heim's approach to calculating the mass spectrum requires 4 parameters, of which the gravitational constant with respect to G. The errors indicated in the table are approximately 100 times lower than this value. This indicates that the theory is either: # Nonlinear in G; # The value of G fortuitously produces these results. A more precise estimate of the expected error due to G from the theorists would be required to determine which case this is, but this has apparently not yet been produced. As a result, no error bars have been computed for the theoretical values. GRAVITATION Heim theory assumes that a gravitational potential arises from the gradient of a field φ(r). ''Position dependent'' mass is the function m(r), and r is the radial distance from a quanta of a point mass. A differential equation used to describe the basis is : If this equation is Nondimensionalized the characteristic length of the system is : The characteristic length is the distance from a point mass for which the field φ(r)=0. It is also the case that the field attains its absolute minimum. Hence, the gravitational force is identically zero at this distance. The solution to the differential equation has the curve φ(r) concave up. The gravitational potential that arises from this field can be positive, negative or zero. FURTHER TECHNICAL DETAILS The 8 dimensions of Heim theory is the result of two mathematical objects # a Non-linear Operator whose Matrix representation C consists of 4 submatrices
# 64 state functions ψ indexed with three independent labels ψabc The three indices run from 1 to 4, resulting in 64 different Eigenvalue Equation s : |
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