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EARLY YEARS AND CAREER Norquist grew up in Weston , Massachusetts , where he learned politics at an early age when his father would liken each bite he took out of his Ice Cream cone to a different type of tax levied by the government. His political leanings were cemented at the age of eleven by reading anti-Communist tracts such as ''Masters of Deceit'' by J. Edgar Hoover and ''Witness'' by Whittaker Chambers http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m1571/n3_v14/20174381/p1/article.jhtml. Norquist received a B.A. (economics) from Harvard College , which he attended from 1974 to 1978 , and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School ( 1979 – 1981 ) http://watch.pair.com/database2.html. After leaving professional school, Norquist became executive director of both the National Taxpayers Union and the national College Republicans organization, holding both positions until 1983. He was an Economist and chief speech writer for the U.S. Chamber Of Commerce from 1983 to 1984. http://www.mediatransparency.org/people/grover_norquist.htm. Norquist founded Americans for Tax Reform in 1985, and has headed the organization ever since. Although he is best known as the head of that organization, his introduction to conservative politics was rooted in the anti- Soviet arguments of the Cold War . "I was actually a foreign-policy conservative first," he told an interviewer in 1998. From 1985 to 1988, Norquist was also an economic advisor to as a foreign agent of Angola http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/fara/fara2nd97/COUNTRY/ANGOLA.HTM#5061. LOBBYING, CORRUPTION, AND MONEY LAUNDERING Connections to Jack Abramoff See Also: Jack Abramoff lobbying and corruption scandal Jack Abramoff pled guilty to conspiracy to corrupt public officials, mail fraud and tax evasion on January 3 , 2006 . Norquist has been close friends with Abramoff since college, when he ran Abramoff’s successful campaign to become national chairman of the College Republicans. Norquist worked with Abramoff and Ralph Reed on fundraising and lobbying on behalf of Indian gambling tribes. Emails released by federal investigators in June 2005 suggest that Norquist was involved a scheme in which Reed secretly accepted payments from Abramoff to lobby against Indian casino gambling while Abramoff was being paid to promote Indian casino gambling. On May 9, 2001, Chief Raul Garza of the Kickapoo tribe of Texas met with President Bush, with Jack Abramoff and Grover Norquist in attendance. Days before the meeting, the tribe paid $25,000 to Grover Norquist's Americans For Tax Reform at Abramoff's direction. According to the organization's communications director, John Kartch , the meeting was one of several gatherings with President Bush sponsored by ATR. On the same day, the chief of the Louisiana Coushattas also attended an ATR-sponsored gathering with President Bush. The Coushattas also gave $25,000 to ATR soon before the event. Norquist strenuously denies that he’s done anything wrong, and there isn’t any evidence that he has broken the law. Nevertheless, his close association with Abramoff has hurt his reputation. 2 Janus-Merritt Strategies In 1997, Norquist and recently-arrested lawyer David Safavian founded a lobbying firm, the Merritt Group, later renamed Janus-Merritt Strategies (sometimes referred to as "Janus Merritt" or simply "Janus"). In a 1997 interview with Legal Times, Safavian said "We represent clients who really do have an interest in a smaller federal government." "We're all very ideologically driven, and have a bias in favor of free markets." He went on: "We're not letting people who offer us money change our principles." Over the next five years, the firm's clients included businesses like BP America, the U.S. division of , the government of Gabon , and Pascal Lissouba , the corrupt former president of the Republic Of The Congo . Perhaps the most controversial client of the lobbying firm was the American Muslim Council and Abdurahman Alamoudi , a fierce supporter of Hamas and Hezbollah . Senate disclosure reports on file show that for years Janus-Merritt registered as a lobbyist for Alamoudi. At a Senate confirmation hearing in April 2004, Safavian said that "To my knowledge, neither I nor Janus-Merritt did any work for Mr. Alamoudi." "I do not know why Mr. Alamoudi was erroneously listed in the client's lobby disclosure forms." More, "I do not believe Janus-Merritt received any funds from Mr. Alamoudi." On December 17, 2001, eleven months after Safavian had left the firm, Janus-Merritt resubmitted its disclosure forms. This time the name of Alamoudi had been replaced by the name of Dr. Jamal Al Barzinji . Why the firm changed its registration is unknown. Safavian told the Senate that al Barzinji, not Alamoudi, was his client. "Dr. Jamal al Barzinji," he said, "should have been listed as the client retaining the firm for work related to Malaysian political prisoner Anwar Ibrahim." In fact, Barzinji had been listed as a contact, not a client, on all the disclosure forms. The replacement name is also problematical. On March 20, 2002, Barzinji's home was raided by a federal task force investigating terrorist finances. A federal affidavit identifies Barzinji as the ringleader of a group suspected of aiding terrorists. http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/006/148kcyrb.asp?pg=2 In 2002, Janus-Merritt was sold to the firm Williams Mullen. Norquist has refused to release tax records of the firm for the period during which he and Safavian owned the company. Money laundering Norquist has been accused of using his various organizations to launder political money for a number of like-minded individuals and groups. See, for example, the scandal involving Oregon's Bill Sizemore (http://www.americanpolitics.com/20021209Koop.html), whose political organizations were shut down by a judge after a jury agreed they had engaged in racketeering, in part due to evidence of a money-laundering scheme involving Norquist's Americans for Tax Reform. POLITICAL IMPORTANCE ON NATIONAL POLITICS Norquist is one of the so-called " Gang Of Five " identified in Nina Easton 's 2000 book by that name, which gives a history of leaders of the modern conservative movement. He has been described as "a thumb-in-the-eye radical rightist" ('' The Nation ''), and " Tom Paine crossed with Lee Atwater plus just a soupçon of Madame Defarge " ( P.J. O'Rourke ). Norquist's page on the web site of Americans For Tax Reform includes a laudatory quote about him from former Speaker Of The House Newt Gingrich . Norquist is "adept at media appearances ... writes a monthly politics column for the '' American Spectator '' magazine, and frequently speaks at regional and state Think Tank s of the Conservative movement, according to the critical website MediaTransparency.Org. Shortly after Bill Clinton was elected president of the United States in 1992, Norquist began hosting a weekly get-together of conservatives in his Washington office to coordinate activities and strategy. "We were sort of like the Menshevik s after the Russian Revolution," recalls Marshall Wittmann , who attended the first meeting as a representative of the Christian Coalition . In 1994 Norquist worked with Newt Gingrich and the Heritage Foundation to draft the Contract With America . The "Wednesday Meeting" of Norquist's Leave Us Alone Coalition has become an important hub of conservative political organizing. George W. Bush began sending a representative to the Wednesday Meeting even before he formally announced his candidacy for president in 1999. "Now a White House aide attends each week," reported '' USA Today '' in June 2001. "Vice President Cheney sends his own representative. So do GOP congressional leaders, right-leaning think tanks, conservative advocacy groups and some like-minded K Street lobbyists. The meeting has been valuable to the White House because it is the political equivalent of one-stop shopping. By making a single pitch, the administration can generate pressure on members of Congress , calls to radio talk shows, and political buzz from dozens of grassroots organizations. It also enables the White House to hear conservatives vent in private — and to respond — before complaints fester" http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2001-06-01-grover.htm. In addition to heading Americans for Tax Reform, Norquist is currently on the board of directors of the , and is chairman emeritus of the Islamic Institute. He was the chair of the September 2005 convention of the National Federation Of Republican Assemblies http://gopwing.com/modules.php?sid=963. INFLUENCE ON STATE AND LOCAL POLITICS Norquist's national strategy includes recruiting politicians at the state and local levels. Norquist has helped California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger with selling his plan to reform the CalPERS system. In Virginia, Norquist was involved in the 2005 Republican primaries, trying to unseat a number of legislators who voted for higher taxes. Norquist has helped to set up regular meetings for conservatives in many states, meetings modelled on his Wednesday meetings in Washington. He wants to set up a nationwide network of conservative activists that he can call upon to support his causes, such as tax cuts and deregulation. There are now meetings in more than forty states.3 In the Spring of 2005, a New Hampshire statewide grassroots organization, Democracy For New Hampshire (DFNH), initiated a campaign to expose the Norquist influence in that state's political infrastructure 4. The grassroots strategic initiative, which DFNH believes can be a model for other statewide grassroots organizations, identified state legislators who have pledged allegiance to Norquist http://www.democracyfornewhampshire.com/node/view/1245, described how this pledge trumps their oath of allegiance to their New Hampshire constituents http://www.democracyfornewhampshire.com/node/view/1243, provided evidence of how Norquist-based tactics affect local communities http://www.democracyfornewhampshire.com/node/view/1244, and called on their elected "Senators and Representatives to renounce the Norquist Pledge and re-affirm their oath to the citizens of New Hampshire". CRITICISMS AND CONTROVERSIES Personality Even within conservative circles, Norquist has made some enemies, possibly due to what some describe as a combative personality. Writer and TV show host '', former conservative David Brock revealed that even fellow right-wingers privately refer to him as "Grosser Nosetwist" and try to avoid being trapped in conversation with him at social gatherings because he never talks about anything other than politics. Religious allies Norquist's Muslim outreach to groups like the elements. in '' The New Republic '', Norquist believes that American Jews will never vote Republican in numbers large enough to make a difference in elections, so the party should reach out to Muslims. Norquist's Muslim outreach is part of a larger approach - he also considers Catholics and Jews to be natural allies of people of faith who already are in the center-right movement. Norquist had a role in the founding of a Muslim free-market organization, a Jewish conservative group, and in two different Catholic conservative political groups. Anti-government approach Norquist has been noted for his widely quoted quip : "I don't want to abolish government. I simply want to reduce it to the size where I can drag it into the bathroom and drown it in the Bathtub ." The pledge of "no new taxes" that many Republican legislators have signed was his project. As of mid-2005, more than two hundred and twenty Republicans in the House of Representatives had signed this pledge; in the Senate, forty-six Republicans had done so. 5 "Cutting the government in half in one generation is both an ambitious and reasonable goal," Norquist stated in May 2000. "If we work hard we will accomplish this and more by 2025. Then the conservative movement can set a new goal. I have a recommendation: To cut government in half again by 2050" http://www.heritage.org/about/community/insider/2000/may00/welcome.html. Following Hurricane Katrina, Tom Friedman wrote an op-ed in the New York times stating "An administration whose tax policy has been dominated by the toweringly selfish Grover Norquist ... doesn't have the instincts for this moment. Mr. Norquist is the only person about whom I would say this: I hope he owns property around the New Orleans levee that was never properly finished because of a lack of tax dollars. I hope his basement got flooded. And I hope that he was busy drowning government in his bathtub when the levee broke and that he had to wait for a U.S. Army helicopter to get out of town." http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/07/opinion/07friedman.html?n=Top%2fOpinion%2fEditorials%20and%20Op%2dEd%2fOp%2dEd%2fColumnists%2fThomas%20L%20Friedman 2004 criticism of Ohio Governor Bob Taft During the Governor Bob Taft at a private gathering of Republicans Abroad . He called Taft "an idiot, stupid, corrupt, dumb rotten Republican Governor ... who has been busy looting the state, raising taxes, lying to the gun owners," and considered him to be a serious liability for the Bush campaign as no Republican has ever won a presidential election without carrying Ohio. Comparison of the estate tax to the Holocaust A small controversy erupted after an interview between Norquist and Terry Gross on NPR's Fresh Air program. In the interview, Grover Norquist compared the morality that allows the estate tax to the morality that permitted the '' January 23 2004 . QUOTATIONS
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