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Frascati is a town in the Province Of Rome in the Latium region of central Italy , population 19,303 (2001). It is located 20 km south-east of Rome , on the Alban Hills close to the ancient city of Tusculum . =History= Ancient Times The most importat archeological finds date back to the Roman time, during the late Republican Age, a patrician roman villa probably belonging to Licinio Lucullus (117 BC - 57 BC). In the first century BC the owner was Caio Passieno Crispo, he married Agrippina, Nerone's mother. After his properties had confiscated by the Flavii's imperial dynasty (69 AD - 96 AD) who rose to power with Vespasiano in 69 AD. During that period Flavio Clemente, the consul, with his wife Domitilla lived in this Roman villa, during Domiziano empire. They where both accused of impiety, probably due to their liking for Judaism and Christianity. Documents (Liber Pontificalis) named Frascati from 9° century as little village, but after destruction of Tusculum in 1191, the town resident increased and the episcopate moved out from Tusculum to Frascati. The name of the city probably comes from a typical local tradition of collecting firewood "frasche". At the beginning of the XVI century the Pope Julius II gave Frascati as feudal possession to the famous leader of troops Prince Colonna of the Colonna Family for his services. From 1508 Prince Colonna and his wife Lucrezia della Rovere lived in the fortress of Frascati. In 1518 an Hospital was built, named after St. Sebastiano, in remember of the old basilica destroyed in the IX century. After Prince Colonna death in 1522 and Lucrezia della Rovere sold Frascati to Pier Luigi Farnese who gave it to Apostolic Chamber, so the feudal experience ended. In 1527 a Lansquenet horde, after having sacked Rome, arrived out of the bordering villages to the humble niche consacred to the Virgin Mary, when the soldiers changed direction of march, so the town had safe: this event still remains in the memory of the inhabitants of Frascati, the grateful people erected a church, now called Capocroce. In 1538, the Pope-King Paul III conferred the title of "Civitas" to Frascati, with the name "TUSCULUM NOVUM" and had the city walls built. The town has a number of notable Villa s, in the course of a century, beginning from 1545, twelve papal and cardinal villas had built, lived up to definite political and social reasons, as real "status symbols" of Roman aristocracy. The villas are distributed on the tuscolan territory, they are: Villa Aldobrandini , Villa Parisi - Borghese , Villa Falconieri , Villa Grazioli , Villa Lancellotti , Villa Muti , Villa Rufinella , Villa Sora , Villa Tuscolana , Villa Conti - Torlonia , Villa Vecchia and Villa Mondragone . In 1598 started the building of a new Cathedral consacrated to St. Peter. In that age Frascati had reduced to a "service area" of the villas. In 1761 the fortress changed to a princely palace under the patronage of the Cardinal Henry Stuart duke of York. In 1757 (may 21) the VALLE theater opened in the town centre (now Matteotti street). In 1809 Frascati had annexed to the French Empire and the inhabitants became French citizens till the fall of Napoleon. In 1848 the Roman Republic (19th Century) borned against the absolutism of the Pope-King, supported by Giuseppe Garibaldi , it was a transitory adventure. Frascati is an Episcopal See , one of seven Suburbicarian Diocese s, in his territory there is the Basilian Monanstery of Grottaferrata , and home to the major Basilica Cathedral Basilica Of St. Peter Apostle . Famous residents Henry Benedict Stuart , the younger brother of Charles Edward Stuart (that "Bonnie Prince Charlie" who tried with no success, to reconquer the English throne in 1746), became Cardinal Bishop of Frascati in 1761. He became Dean Of The College Of Cardinals in 1803, but continued to live in the episcopal palace of Frascati until his death on 13 July 1807 . He improved the town cultural life by founding the Seminary and library. Goethe visited the Tuscolo country between 1786 to 1788, staying in Frascati. He recounted his impressions on his journal, the travel book of a long journey all over Italy ( Italian Journey ). An important street in the centre of Frascati had named after Goethe. The german writer Richard Voss (1851-1918) spent 25 years of his life in Frascati, and wrote a lot of his novels and plays there. He received the honorary citizenship of Frascati. Princess Pauline Bonaparte , favourite sister of Napoleon I Of France and wife of Prince Camillo Borghese, lived in Villa Parisi-Borghese from 1806 to 1811. At the same time her mother and brother, Lucien Bonaparte , lived in Villa Rufinella. The famous writer George Sand passed part of her italian years in Frascati from 1855 to 1858, here she had inspired to write some of her novels. Modern Times In 1856 the first railway carried out by the Papal State , arrived to Frascati from Rome, it was solemny inaugurated during the reign of the Pope-King Pio IX on july 7th, 1856, it had financed by Piolatina Society and the dealership was the York Company, previous owner James Wilson, builder of Villa Wilson in Frascati. In 1884 the last part of the railway line, from suburbs to the centre of the town had inaugurated during the Savoia reign of Umberto I, King of Italy. In 1870 (October 2th) the results of the referendum of annexation to the Savoia Italian Kingdom were 996 Yes and 4 No; List of voters:1145, only men. The meanings of this vote: it was against the feudal privileges of the nobility and to get the equal rights of all citizens to face up to the law. In 1901 (celebred December 17th) the Government Electric Corporation brought electricity to Frascati and the public lighting became electric; The start station was in Tivoli , an hydroelectric generating station on the Aniene river. In 1921 Don Giuseppe Castagna of Varazze, Salesian, with Mr Francesco Di Tommaso and Guglielmo Proietti founded the Frascati 1° Scouting Group in Capocroce; To the Jamboree of 1924 Mr Mario Rinaldi met and became friend of Robert Baden-Powell . In 1927 (April 30th) the Italian Scout Association (ASCI) was closed by Fascist Government. In june 1944 revived the Frascati Scouts Group by Don Giuseppe Buttarelli and Mr Mario Rinaldi. Frascati was heavily bombed ( Frascati Bombing Raid September 8, 1943 ) and destroied about 50% of buildings, many of the monuments, villas and houses was deleted and many people died. At sunrise of june 4th 1944 the vanguard of U.S. 85th Infantry Division arrived in Frascati. Earth Observation missions of the European Space Agency are based in Frascati, as is a major High Energy Physics laboratory, the Laboratori Nazionali Di Frascati . The town is Twinned with Bad Godesberg in Germany , Saint-Cloud in France , Kortrijk in Belgium , Windsor And Maidenhead in Great Britain . The area gave its name to Frascati , the popular White Wine from this region. Frascati also gave its name to the home of the Irish Patriot Frescati House . The Frascati Manual is a statistic document draft by experts of OECD in Frascati (June 1963). English language writers, which wrote down works about Frascati: Clara Louisa Wells - The Alban Hills - Vol. I - Frascati - Printed by Barbera - 1878 - Rome Museum 1) Civic archaeological museum "Scuderie Aldobrandini" - (The Aldobrandini Stables). Archaelogical finds coming from the ancient Tusculum and the nearby area are on display here. The scale models of the Tuscolane Villas are worth mentioning. 2) Ethiopian museum of Cardinal Massaia, the great missionary who was buried here, in the Capuchini's friary, a "villa monastery" with the church dedicated to St. Francesco. Famous Citizens
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