| Framing (communication Theory) |
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Experts in this area include George Lakoff who has written the books ''Moral Politics'' and ''Don't Think of an Elephant'' on this subject as applied to Politics (his earlier work, ''Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind'' also looks at framing, but from a more academic point of view). In politics, Lakoff points to an example of framing in the phrase " Tax Relief ." The use of the word "relief" implies a notion that taxes put strain on the citizen. Another example of framing is the word "progressive" to describe Left-wing politics. The word "progressive" implies an improvement, or a step forward, and therefore suggests that Right-wing politics are a regression or a step back. Other examples are the phrases " Pro-Life " (which implies its opponents are "anti-life" or "pro-death"), " Pro-Choice " (which implies its opponents are "anti-choice" or "pro-compulsion"), " Anti-immigrant " (which implies the people this term is applied to are against individual immigra''nts'' as opposed to being against immigra''tion''.), and " Reality-based Community " (which implies that its opponents are unrealistic). Terms which frame debate seek to limit the possibilities of discourse by setting the vocabulary and metaphors by which an issue can be discussed. In Lakoff's view, framing cannot be avoided—it is an inherent part of political speech—but it should be done consciously. According to Klandermans, a sociologist, the "social construction of collective action frames," involves "public discourse, that is, the interface of media discourse and interpersonal interaction; persuasive communication during mobilization campaigns by movement organizations, their opponents and countermovement organizations; and consciousness raising during episodes of collective action." (1997: p. 45) SEE ALSO
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