The is one of the leading
American Cable and
Satellite News channels. It is owned by the
Fox Entertainment Group , and is a
Subsidiary of
News Corporation , under major
Shareholder and
Chief Executive Officer Rupert Murdoch . As of January
2005 , it is available to 85 million subscribers in the U.S. and to further viewers internationally, broadcasting primarily out of its
New York City studios.
The network was launched on
October 7 ,
1996 to 17 million cable subscribers. The network slowly rose to prominence in the late 1990s as it started chipping away at the ratings of competitor
CNN .
As Of 2005 , Fox News's long-term viewer ratings exceed those of competing news channels (
Nielsen's Points ratings) while
CNN outnumbers Fox News in terms of numbers of individual viewers (Nielsen's Cume ratings). Part of the network's success could be attributible to the debate over the its political objectivity, which has been raging since the network launched.
Rupert Murdoch established Fox News to counter a news media that he believed was predominantly liberal.
1 Murdoch had significant experience with cable news after starting the
Sky News rolling news service in the
United Kingdom .
In February
1996 , after
Roger Ailes (who would later become the president of Fox News) was relieved of duties at
America's Talking , in preparation for conversion of the network to
MSNBC , Murdoch called Ailes to start the network. A group of Ailes loyalists who followed him throughout the
NBC empire joined him at Fox. From there, the
CNBC expatriates, who joined a team already in place at Fox News, created the programming concept and proceeded to select space in New York. Ailes, often agitated and verbally abusive, worked individuals through five months of grueling 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before launch, on
October 7 ,
1996 .
At launch, only ten million households were able to watch Fox News, with none in the major media markets of ", and "We Report, You Decide".
From the beginning, Fox News has had a heavy emphasis on the visual presentation of news. Graphics were designed to be colorful and attention grabbing, and to allow people to get the main points of what was being said even if they couldn't hear the host, through the use of on-screen text summarizing the position of the interviewer or speaker, and "bullet points" when a host was giving commentary. Some of these commentary sections were criticised by Ofcom, the media regulator in the United Kingdom, where the Fox News Channel is broadcast on Sky Digital Satellite, as it was deemed that there was not enough of a distinction between news and opinion present on-screen.
The network at times differentiates commentary from news with a constant graphic reading "COMMENTARY" during features such as Bill O'Reilly's ''Talking Points Memo''. This gives the impression that the rest of the program is objective journalism. Fox News is very clear that programs like the O'Reilly Factor and Fox and Friends are not news programs, and are not held to the journalistic standard of objectivity at any time during the broadcast of those programs.
Fox News also created the ''Fox News Alert'', which interrupted regular programming when a breaking news story occurred. Each ''News Alert'' was designed to be attention catching with a swooshing graphic filling the screen and a piercing chime instead of the regular news music. At the beginning of FNC, the ''Fox News Alert'' was used fairly rarely, giving the chime more cachet, but currently it is used regularly to announce scheduled events or repeat existing news instead of only breaking news stories, with ''Fox News Alerts'' sometimes several times each hour instead of just a few times a day.
Fox News was also the first network to put up the American flag after the
September 11, 2001 Attacks , a feature in the upper left hand corner that has persisted to this day.
To accelerate its adoption by cable companies, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the network. This contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators pay stations carriage fees for the programming of channels. When Time Warner bought out
Ted Turner 's
Turner Broadcasting , a federal
Antitrust Consent Decree required Time Warner to carry a second all-news channel in addition to Time Warner's own
CNN . Time Warner selected MSNBC as the secondary news network, instead of Fox News. Fox News claimed that this violated an agreement to carry Fox News, and Ailes used his connections to persuade Mayor Giuliani to carry Fox News and
Bloomberg Television on two underutilized city-owned cable channels, which he did.
New York City also threatened to revoke Time Warner's cable
Franchise for not carrying Fox News.
A lawsuit was filed by Time Warner against the City of New York claiming undue interference and for inappropriate use of the city's educational channels for commercial programming. News Corporation countered with an antitrust lawsuit against Time Warner for unfairly protecting CNN. This led to an acrominous battle between Murdoch and Turner, with Turner publicly comparing Murdoch to
Adolf Hitler while Murdoch's ''
New York Post '' ran an editorial questioning Turner's sanity. Giuliani's motives were also questioned, as his then-wife was a producer at Murdoch-owned
WNYW-TV . In the end, Time Warner and News Corporation signed a
Settlement agreement to permit Fox News to be carried on New York City cable system beginning in October
1997 , and to all of Time Warner's cable systems by
2001 , though Time Warner still does not carry Fox News in all areas
2. In return, Time Warner was given some rights to News Corporation's
Satellite s in Asia and Europe to distribute Time Warner programming, would receive the normal compensation per subscriber paid to cable operators, and News Corporation would not object to
Atlanta Braves baseball games being carried on
TBS (which normally would not happen because of the Fox television network's contract with
Major League Baseball ).
The '' by
Joe McGinniss . Ailes withdrew from consulting and returned to broadcasting in
1992 , including
Rush Limbaugh 's
Television Program during
1992 -
1996 . He ran the
CNBC channel and ''America's Talking,'' the forerunner of MSNBC for NBC. More recently, Ailes was named ''Broadcaster of the Year'' by
Broadcast And Cable Magazine in 2003.
Fox News presents a wide variety of programming, with up to 15 hours of live programming per day. Most of the programs are broadcast from Fox News headquarters in New York City with its street-side studios on Sixth Avenue (1211
Avenue Of The Americas ) in the west extension of
Rockefeller Center .
The following is the usual weekday lineup (
As Of March, 2006 , all times
Eastern ):
- 6 a.m.: Morning programming begins with '' Fox & Friends First '', hosted by one or more of the ''Fox & Friends'' hosts with rotating co-hosts Lauren Green , Kiran Chetry , Juliet Huddy , Andrew P. Napolitano and others.
- 7 a.m.: '' Fox & Friends '', hosted by Steve Doocy , E.D. Hill , and Brian Kilmeade .
- 9 a.m.: Late morning and early afternoon programming starts with '' Fox News Live '', a show featuring news, guest analysis, and interviews. Like other American cable news stations, there is news mixed with feature-like stories, as well as commentary and short Debates between people on opposite sides of issues, usually between associates of candidates and officials, Think Tank members and journalists. Usually hosted by Jon Scott , Brigitte Quinn and Bill Hemmer .
- 1 p.m.: Mike Jerrick's and Juliet Huddy's talk show with a live audience, '' DaySide ''.
- 2 p.m.: Another hour of '' Fox News Live '' hosted by Martha MacCallum .
- 3 p.m.: Shepard Smith 's laid-back afternoon news program, '' Studio B ''.
- 4 p.m.: Fox's flagship business program, '' Your World '', hosted by business managing editor Neil Cavuto .
- 5 p.m.: John Gibson hosts '' The Big Story '', a news/commentary program.
- 6 p.m.: Primetime starts with the political news and discussion show '' Special Report With Brit Hume '', hosted by Washington managing editor Brit Hume from Washington, DC .
- 7 p.m.: Shepard Smith broadcasts '' The Fox Report With Shepard Smith '', FNC's evening news program similar to programs offered on ABC , CBS , and NBC , a newscast-of-record, offering coverage of national and international news, and FOXCAST weather.
- 8 p.m.: The network's top-rated show, '' The O'Reilly Factor ''. The taped broadcast features commentary from Bill O'Reilly , formerly of '' Inside Edition ''.
- 9 p.m.: Conservative Sean Hannity and Liberal Alan Colmes debate political issues of the day with guests and analysts during '' Hannity & Colmes ''.
- 10 p.m.: Greta Van Susteren broadcasts '' On The Record with Greta Van Susteren''. This program has an emphasis on stories pertaining to legal matters or human interest.
- 11 p.m.: Reruns of previous programs are shown until 6 a.m. the next day.
In addition to the regular weekday programming, FNC also has weekend programming including ''
Fox & Friends Weekend '', ''
The Cost Of Freedom business block'', ''
Weekend Live With Tony Snow '' (Saturday), ''
Weekend Live With Brian Wilson '' (Sunday), ''
Fox News Live With Jamie Colby '', ''
Studio B Weekend with
Trace Gallagher '', ''
The Big Story Weekend with
Julie Banderas '', ''
The Beltway Boys '', ''
Fox News Watch '', ''
The Fox Report With Trace Gallagher '', ''
War Stories With Oliver North '', ''
Heartland With John Kasich '', ''
The Lineup '', ''
The Big Story Primetime '', ''The
Journal Editorial Report'', and various
Fox News Specials .
Fox News also produced several
Newsmagazine shows for its Fox network affiliates including ''Fox Files'' and ''The Pulse'', although both were cancelled after short runs due to poor ratings.
''
Fox News Sunday With Chris Wallace '' currently airs on many Fox affiliates and is similar in format to other Sunday morning political discussion programs, and is rebroadcast on FNC at 6 p.m. ET Sundays. The Fox network does air Fox News's live coverage of events such as the
State Of The Union Address . However, the live event coverage on the Fox network is different than Fox News Channel's live event coverage. Fox News also produces national news segments to air on the local Fox affiliate's news programs.
There are rumors that Fox News will start an evening newscast and/or a morning news programs for the Fox Network. It is unknown when will these possible shows materialize. However, Fox News and the Fox broadcast network is thought by news insiders to be using its new syndicated newsmagazine ''
Geraldo At Large '' (which airs in prime slots on all of Fox's O&Os) as a test run of rolling out a national newscast. Fox News chairman Roger Ailes is now also chairman of the Fox Television Stations division, and has been pushing for the network's O&O stations to have a more uniform image and presentation in their newscasts.
Fox News is confirmed to produce a program called ''
On Scene '' (focusing on crime-related stories) on Fox's soon to be launched sister network,
My Network TV , also under
Roger Ailes 's control.
Fox News also boasts a website with a number of political columnists and webblogs. Fox News entertainment correspondent
Mike Straka and
Italian-American priest
Jonathan Morris maintain their own weekly blogs. Columnists include a swath of political conservatives and one Democrat.
Conservatives/Republicans:
- Cato Institute writer - Ted Galen Carpenter , conservative columnist, fierce critic of Socialism and Protectionism
- Cato Institute writer - Michael Tanner staunch advocate of Laissez-faire capitalism, opponent of Universal Health Care .
- Heritage Foundation writer - James Jay Carafano , Paleoconservative opponent of the Separation Between Church And State , Abortion and Stem Cell Research .
- Ifeminist writer - Wendy McElroy , critic of Liberal Feminism , espouses a Conservative alternative.
- Tongue-Tied blog-writer - Scott Norvell , anti- Political Correctness columnist and humorist.
- Junk Science writer - Steve Milloy , outspoken opponent of Environmentalism and Global Warming .
- Center For Security Policy - Olivia Albrecht , Neoconservative columnist.
- Libertarian writer - Radley Balko , advocate of Globalization , Pro-life opponent of Roe V. Wade and supporter of Federalism .
Liberals/Democrats:
In
2003 , Fox News began syndicating one minute radio updates to radio stations. On June 1, 2005, ''
Fox News Radio '' expanded to a full service news operation, employing sixty people and providing five minute newscasts at the top of the hour and one minute newscast at the bottom of the hour. Fox News Radio is hosted by both FNC television personalities and others working solely for radio. At launch, sixty stations participated in the network, with more joining under a deal struck between Fox and
Clear Channel Communications converting many Clear Channel stations to carry Fox News Radio newscasts and allow Fox News Radio to use news content produced by Clear Channel and distribute it nationally.
An audio simulcast of the channel is played on
XM Satellite Radio channel 121 and
Sirius Satellite Radio channel 131. Fox also produces
Fox News Talk for both satellite radio services, with talk radio programs syndicated by and featuring Fox News personalities.
Fox News Radio also syndicates radio programs hosted by its TV personalities.
Two other radio programs hosted by Fox News Channel personalities are distributed by other companies. ''The Radio Factor'' hosted by
Bill O'Reilly is syndicated separately by CBS-owned
Westwood One (the show began in 2002); however, satellite rights are held by
Fox News Talk . The talk radio program hosted by FNC's
Sean Hannity is syndicated by
ABC Radio (show started in 2001). Both were ''grandfathered'', as their shows began before Fox News Radio begun.
Aside from Hannity, the Fox News Channel radio hosts also appear on the
Fox News Talk satellite radio channel, along with the satellite-only program ''Fox Across America'' hosted by
Spencer Hughes . Hannity's program appears on the
ABC News & Talk satellite channel.
Fox News currently leads the cable news market, earning higher points ratings than its chief competitors CNN and MSNBC combined by average viewership. Measured by unique viewers, however, CNN achieves 11% higher ratings than Fox News. Many commentators attribute this to Fox's somewhat longer duration "talk" programs interspersed with news updates which cause viewers to tune in for longer periods as compared to CNN's generally shorter news segments. Others claim that Fox News garners more loyal fans than CNN, MSNBC, and others due to being the sole network to appeal to conservatives by openly rejecting the supposed bias of the "mainstream liberal media".
The
BBC reported that Fox News saw its profits double during the
Iraq Conflict , due in part to what the report called
Patriotic coverage of the war. By some reports, at the height of the conflict they enjoyed as much as a 300% increase in viewership, averaging 3.3 million viewers daily
3. In the Introduction written in 2004 to the new edition of her 2002 book, ''New Nuclear Danger'' (publisher: New Press), the Nobel Prize nominee and author Dr. Helen Caldicot claims on page xvi of that 2004 Introduction that Rupert Murdoch, owner of FOX News, has in the past helped with "
for the second U.S. Iraq invasion (the first invasion had taken place in 1991) [which were started in 1992 by a small group of 'defense intellectuals'...
began to publish a series of letters in ''The Weekly Standard'' [also owned by Murdoch calling for another U.S. invation of Iraq, as well as advocating support of Israel's campaign against the Palestinians and warning about the rising power of China."
In 2004, the perceived gain in ratings began to become more apparent. Fox News' coverage of the
Democratic National Convention in
Boston ranked higher than that of its two closest cable competitors combined. In September, Fox News Channel's ratings for its broadcast of the
Republican National Convention beat those of all three broadcast networks. During President Bush's address, Fox News notched 7.3 million viewers nationally, while NBC, CBS, and ABC scored ratings of 5.9, 5.0, and 5.1, respectively.
In April 2005, however, CNN sent out a press release stating that Fox's viewership of adults between the ages of 25 and 54 had dropped over a period of six months since the peak of the November 2004 elections (to a total drop of over 58%
[http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2005/narrative_cabletv_contentanalysis.asp?cat=2&media=5 ). Fox still held eight of the ten most-watched nightly cable news shows, with ''The O'Reilly Factor'' and ''Hannity & Colmes'' coming in first and second places, respectively. Since then Fox's ratings have surged. [http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/original/ranker_april05.pdf]
See Also: Fox News Channel controversies and allegations of bias
See Also: Media bias
Propaganda model
Conservative bias
Since its conception, the network has been among one of the most heavily criticised by mainstream media outlets, alleging claims of an intentional design and delivery of a content with a bias supporting neo-conservative/Republican Party opinion for ratings, profit and political impact; all while representing itself as a "fair and balanced" objective news outlet.
One controversial element of the Fox model is the channel's opinion segments, which are included in the vast majority of its daily cablecast. At the closing of most shows, the host takes approximately one to two minutes to give his or her personal take on the day's events, and while this is not unheard of in the cable news world, critics claim Fox's lineup includes a disproportionate amount of such commentary. Fox News and its on-air commentators explain that they are by intentional design not bound to the journalistic standard of objectivity at any time during these programs as they are opinion-driven programs, except when they introduce a Fox News update or report segment.
Opinion-driven programming includes most of the channel's ratings-heavy prime-time schedule and the Fox and Friends morning program. While this morning program is very clear when it transitions to and returns from objective news segments hosted by Lauren Green, its entertaining trio of hosts make no attempt to be ojective when discussing the days politicized stories, often interjecting commentary on news stories as Lauren Green ends her objective news report. The network, however, markets with claims of neutrality in reporting, while most personalities working for Fox News claim it to be the most objective news channel in the United States.
Fox News has rejected all allegations of bias and adopted the slogans "We Report, You Decide" , "
Fair & Balanced " and "Real Journalism".
A commonly cited example of a bias is
Bill O'Reilly , the former host of
Inside Edition . He claims his show is a "no-spin zone" and he is neutral, yet according to the independent
Pew Research Center , "72% of O'Reilly's regular viewers are self-described conservatives". By comparison, conservative commentator
Rush Limbaugh was found to have a 77% conservative-leaning audience.
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Fox News conservative commentator Tony Snow was chosen to replace
Scott McClellan as the
White House Press Secretary in 2006. This was discussed in political and business commentary as a too obvious connection to the Republican administration, despite Snow being a former speech writer for former president
George H. W. Bush .
In 2005
Sean Hannity stated on national television, in the form of a question, that
Fox News was, in fact,
Conservative , and asked if
William F. Buckley Jr. was proud that conservatives had created a new "
Conservative media" which included "internet blogs,
Talk Radio and
Fox News ".
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Yet, despite claims of bias, UCLA political scientist
Tim Groseclose "found that Fox News’ Special Report is the most centrist" among major media outlets.
In the late 1990s, as Fox News reached most major cable markets, a handful of observers began to use
World Wide Web to mock FNC's putative bias, triggering the first publicly aired trademark disputes between Fox News and its critics. In late 2001,
Faux News Channel.com created the "Faux" Fox News logo[http://www.fauxnewschannel.com/logo.html].
In 2003, . The book criticized many conservative individuals and institutions on grounds of inaccuracy; it included Fox News among the media outlets described as biased. Before the book was released, Fox brought a
Lawsuit , alleging that the book's subtitle violated Fox's
Trademark in the promotional phrase "Fair and Balanced". On that basis, Fox moved for a preliminary
Injunction to block the publication of the book. The
United States District Court Judge hearing the case denied the motion, characterizing Fox's claim as "wholly without merit, both factually and legally". Fox then withdrew the suit.
In December 2003, the
Independent Media Institute brought a petition before the
United States Patent And Trademark Office seeking the cancellation of Fox's trademark in the phrase "Fair & Balanced" for being deceptively misdescriptive.
After losing early procedural motions, the IMI withdrew its petition and the USPTO dismissed the case.[http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?pno=92042790&pty=CAN&eno=1
The channel is now available internationally, though its world programming is the same as its American programming, unlike
CNN International , which airs regional programming that is largely independent of its U.S. broadcasts.
Fox News is also carried in the
United Kingdom with global weather forecasts instead of most advertisements, by the
British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) satellite television network, in which News Corporation holds a 38 percent stake. It is a sister channel to BSkyB's
Sky News , which is more popular in the region. Fox News is usually broadcast as a
VideoGuard Encrypted channel but during major news stories it may be simulcasted on
Sky News Active , which is free to air. A fault in certain
Pace Micro Sky Digibox receivers, notably the DS-430N which was Sky's default issue for some years, has left them able to decrypt the channel with no active subscription card since March 1, 2006; although no reason is known as to why.
On ,
2004 . That same day, a similar licence was granted to
Rogers Communications for "MSNBC Canada", which went to air in September, 2001. During this period, it was stated by supporters of Fox News that the station was being "banned in Canada," when in fact, the opposite was the case. The CRTC's previous refusal to grant Fox News an outright license had been contested by some Canadians, as well as American fans of the channel, who believed the decision to be politically motivated. However, it is rare for any American cable network to be licensed in Canada, especially when there is a Canadian alternative.
On ,
2004 , Rogers Communications became the first Canadian cable or satellite provider to broadcast Fox News, with other companies following suit within the next several weeks.
In
Australia Fox News Channel is broadcast on the three major Pay-TV providers,
Austar ,
Optus Television and
Foxtel . Foxtel is 25% owned by News Corporation. The Australian syndication previously featured some local programming, including a
John Laws current affairs programme in place of "Fox & Friends". Currently, it is a direct feed of the US broadcast.
Since
2002 Fox News has been broadcast to
Brazil , but the commercials are replaced with weather forecasts (except for their own ads). It is broadcast by
Sky Brazil (satellite operator, a joint-venture between
News Corporation and
Globopar ) and in the digital packages of
NET (cable television operator, a joint-venture between
Telmex and
Globopar ).
In
New Zealand , Fox News is broadcast on the
Prime terrestrial network's nightime period. Because of the late time zones in the U.S., Fox News only gets to broadcast their late night programming, notably "Fox and Friends." Local advertisements and weather maps replace U.S. advertising. The weather map temperatures are, of course, presented in degrees Celsius.
Fox News Channel is also carried in more than 40 countries including
Argentina ,
Bahamas ,
Barbados ,
Belize ,
Bermuda ,
Cambodia ,
Cayman ,
Chile ,
Colombia ,
Costa Rica ,
Denmark ,
Dominican Republic ,
Finland ,
Grenada ,
Germany ,
Guam ,
Guatemala ,
Hong Kong ,
Iceland ,
Indonesia ,
Ireland ,
Israel ,
Italy ,
Jamaica ,
Kazakhstan ,
Kyrgyz Republic ,
Macau ,
Malaysia ,
Maldives ,
Mexico , the
Netherlands ,
Nigeria ,
Norway ,
Pakistan ,
Palau ,
Panama ,
Peru ,
Papua New Guinea ,
Philippines ,
Russia ,
Singapore ,
Saint Kitts ,
Saint Lucia ,
Spain ,
Sweden ,
Thailand ,
Trinidad And Tobago ,
Tonga and
Venezuela . (Service to
Japan stopped in the summer of
2003 it can be seen at Americable (Distributor for American Bases http://americablejapan.com, Mediatti (Kadena Air Base) http://www.mccokinawa.com/cable and Pan Global TV Japan http://www.panglobaltvjapan.com/.)
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