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As well as organising the World Chess Championship and Chess Olympiad , FIDE calculates Elo Rating s of players, defines the Rules Of Chess , periodically publishes albums of the best Chess Problem s (the FIDE Album s), awards the titles of FIDE Master , International Master , International Grandmaster , women's versions of those titles, a number of organisational titles including International Arbiter , and Master and Grandmaster titles in problem and Study composing and solving. As well as the overall world championship, FIDE organises championships for women and juniors, regional championships, and the Chess Olympiad . It oversees few other tournaments, although other top-level events, almost without exception, respect FIDE rules and regulations. HISTORY In its early years, FIDE had little power. This was largely because the Soviet Union refused to join, as it saw chess and politics as being inextricably bound up, and FIDE was a non-political organisation. This changed, however, when incumbent world champion Alexander Alekhine died in 1946. FIDE stepped up to organise a tournament to find a replacement, and the Soviet Union, aware that this was a process it had to be involved with, joined. From that initial 1948 tournament (won by defaulted his title after FIDE refused to meet all his demands for his match with Anatoly Karpov . In 1984, FIDE president Florencio Campomanes called off the match between Karpov and Garry Kasparov without result. In 1993 reigning champion Kasparov and challenger Nigel Short (who had qualified through the FIDE system) broke away from FIDE to play their 1993 match under the auspices of the newly-formed Professional Chess Association (PCA). Since that time there have been two world championships - one held under FIDE's aegis, and the other under a variety of organisations'. Lately, FIDE's championships have consisted of a single knock-out tournament with games under quicker time controls, rather than the traditional series of long matches, a change which has also proved controversial. The decision to hold the 2004 World Championship in Libya has proved controversial, as have aspects of FIDE's handling of the so-called Prague Agreement (a plan to reunite the two world championships, masterminded by Yasser Seirawan ). FIDE has been criticised by the Association Of Chess Professionals (ACP) as well as individual players. Ilyumzhinov has himself proved a controversial figure, with question marks over the sources of the money he has donated to FIDE, and accusations against him that he has not paid promised prize money among other things. In 1999, FIDE was recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Two years later, it introduced the IOC's anti-drugs rules to chess. FIDE has stated that it would like chess to become part of the Olympic Games . MEMBER FEDERATIONS There are at present 158 member nations of FIDE. There were 159 until recently, when one was dropped. The list fluctuates, as new nations join and sometimes national federations collapse or are unable to pay their dues. Afghanistan , Albania , Algeria , Andorra , Angola , Argentina , Armenia , Aruba , Australia , Austria , Azerbaijan , Bahamas , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Barbados , Belarus , Belgium , Belize , Bermuda , Bolivia , Bosnia & Herzegovina , Botswana , Brazil , British Virgin Islands , Brunei Darussalam , Bulgaria , Burundi , Cambodia , Canada , Chile , China , Chinese Taipei , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cote D'Ivoire , Croatia , Cuba , Cyprus , Czech Republic , Denmark , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , England , Estonia , Ethiopia , Faroe Islands , Fiji , Finland , Former Yugoslav Republic Of Macedonia , France , Georgia , Germany , Ghana , Greece , Guatemala , Guernsey , Haiti , Honduras , Hong Kong , Hungary , Iceland , India , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Jamaica , Japan , Jersey , Jordan , Kazakhstan , Kenya , Kuwait , Kyrgyzstan , Laos , Latvia , Lebanon , Libya , Liechtenstein , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Macau , Madagascar , Malawi , Malaysia , Malta , Mauritius , Mexico , Moldova , Monaco , Mongolia , Morocco , Mozambique , Myanmar , Namibia , Nepal , Netherlands , Netherlands Antilles , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Norway , Pakistan , Palau , Palestine , Panama , Papua New Guinea , Paraguay , Peru , Philippines , Poland , Portugal , Puerto Rico , Qatar , Romania , Russia , Rwanda , San Marino , Scotland , Serbia & Montenegro , Seychelles , Sierra Leone , Singapore , Slovakia , Slovenia , Somalia , South Africa , South Korea , Spain , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Surinam , Sweden , Switzerland , Syria , Tajikistan , Thailand , Trinidad & Tobago , Tunisia , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Uganda , Ukraine , United Arab Emirates , United States Of America , Uruguay , US Virgin Islands , Uzbekistan , Venezuela , Vietnam , Wales , Yemen , Zambia , Zimbabwe FIDE PRESIDENTS
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