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For the modern Doric dialect of Scotland, see Doric Dialect (Scotland) Doric Greek is an ancient Greek Dialect ; it was likely introduced to mainland Greece from the Balkans during the Dorian Invasion (circa 1150 BC), and in classical times it was spoken in large parts of the Peloponnese , plus Crete and Rhodes . Doric Greek is divided in various local variants, e.g. Laconian, Corinthian, Cretan etc. They are known primarily from inscriptions. The lyric poets ( Pindar , Bacchylides , Alcman ) use a poetic language which is influenced by certain Doric features. The Syracusan comedy ( Sophron , Epicharmus )and the Alexandrine poets ( Theocritus , Callimachus ) use artificial forms of Doric vernaculars. The dialects formerly known as North-Western Greek (in Delphi, Locri and Acarnania) are now considered a part of Doric Greek. They differ from the other Doric dialects in two features: dative plural of the third declension in (''-ois'') (instead of (''-si'')) and (''en'') + accusative (instead of (''eis'')). DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DORIC AND ATTIC / KOINE Vocalism # Preservation of long ''ā'' ( α ) where Attic/Koine change it to long open ''ē'' ( η ), as in (''gā mātēr'') "earth mother" — Attic/Koine (''gē mētēr''). # Contraction ''ae'' > (''ē'') instead of Attic/Koine (''ā''). # Original ''eo'', ''ea'' > (''io, ia'') in certain Doric dialects. # Certain Doric dialects ("severe Doric") have (''ē, ō'') for the "spurious diphthongs" Attic/Koine (''ei, ou'') (i.e. secondary long ''ē, ō'' due to contraction or compensatory lengthening. The most prominent examples are genitive singular in (''-ō'') = (''-ou''), accusative plural in (''-ōs'') = (''-ous'') and the infinitive in (''-ēn'') = (''-ein'').
Consonantism # Preservation of (''-ti'') where Attic/Koine have (''-si''). The most prominent examples are: 1) third person singular of the μι-verbs ''-ti'': e.g. (''phāti'') — Attic/Koine (''phēsi(n)''); 2) third person plural of the present and the subjunctive ''-nti'': e.g. (''legonti'') — Attic/Koine (''legousi(n)''); 3) "twenty" (''wīkati'') — Attic/Koine (''eikosi(n)''); and 4) the hundreds in ''-katioi'': e.g. (''triākatioi'') — Attic/Koine (''triākosioi''). # Preservation of double (''-ss-'') before a vowel where Attic/Koine have (''-s-''), e.g. (''messos'') before a vowel where Attic/Koine have (''mesos''). # Preservation of initial ''w'' ( F ) which is lost in Attic/Koine. E.g. (''woikos'') — Attic/Koine (''oikos''). The literary text in Doric and the inscriptions from the Hellenistic age have no digamma. # (''x'') in the aorists and futures of verbs ending in (''-izō'', ''-azō'') where Attic/Koine have (''s''). E.g. (''agōnisato'') — Attic/Koine (''agōnisato''). Similarly (''k'') before suffixes beginning with ''t''. Morphology # The numeral (''tetores'') "four" instead of Attic/Koine (''tettares (tessares)''). # The numeral (''prātos'') "first" instead of Attic/Koine (''prōtos''). # The demonstrative pronoun (''tēnos'') "this" instead of Attic/Koine (''(e)keinos'') # Nominative plural of the article and the demonstrative pronoun (''toi''), (''tai''), (''toutoi''), (''tautai'') instead of Attic/Koine (''hoi''), (''hai''), (''houtoi''), (''hautai'') # The ending of the third person plural of the athematic ("root") preterite is ''-n'', not ''-san'', e.g. (''edon'') — Attic/Koine (''edosan'') # First person plural in where Attic/Koine have . # Future in (''-se-ō'') instead of Attic/Koine (''-s-ō''), e.g. (''prāxētai'') instead of Attic/Koine (''prāxetai''). # Modal particle (''ka'') instead of Attic/Koine (''an''). NB Doric (''ai ka, ai de ka, ai tis ka'') = Attic/Koine (''(e)an, (e)an de, (e)an tis''). # Temporal adverbs in (''-ka'') instead of Attic/Koine (''-te''): (''hoka''), (''toka''). # Local adverbs in (''-ei'') instead of Attic/Koine (''-ou''): (''teide''), (''pei''). Special words # (''le(i)ō'') "will"; (''draō'') "do", (''paomai'') = (''ktaomai'') "acquire" SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS |
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