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The Mussolini essay leads off the entry: :FASCISMO - Movimento politico italiano creato da Benito Mussolini (v.). :DOTTRINA :Idee Fondamentali. (the first section of the essay) A second section of the essay is titled: "Dottrina Politica e sociale." The Mussolini entry starts on page 847 and ends on 851 with the credit line "Benito Mussolini." All subsequent translations of "The Doctrine of Fascism" are from this work. A key concept of the Mussolini essay was that fascism was a rejection of previous models: "Granted that the XIXth century was the century of socialism, liberalism, democracy, this does not mean that the XXth century must also be the century of socialism, liberalism, democracy. Political doctrines pass; nations remain. We are free to believe that this is the century of authority, a century tending to the 'right', a Fascist century. If the 19th century was the century of the individual (liberalism implies individualism) we are free to believe that this is the 'collective' century, and therefore the century of the State." Mussolini recalled and destroyed all available copies of The Doctrine of Fascism in April 1940 after he had second thoughts about certain phrases in it. (O'Sullivan, l983) However copies in Italian and English survived, and are available in many libraries around the world. QUOTATIONS :The Fascist conception of the State is all-embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist, much less have value. Thus understood, Fascism is totalitarian, and the Fascist State—a synthesis and a unit inclusive of all values—interprets, develops, and potentiates the whole life of a people. (p. 14) :Fascism recognises the real needs which gave rise to socialism and trade-unionism, giving them due weight in the guild or corporative system in which diverent interests are coordinated and harmonised in the unity of the State. (p.15) :Yet if anyone cares to read over the now crumbling minutes giving an account of the meetings at which the Italian Fasci di Combattimento were founded, he will find not a doctrine but a series of pointers… (p. 23) :"It may be objected that this program implies a return to the guilds (corporazioni). No matter!... I therefore hope this assembly will accept the economic claims advanced by national syndicalism." (p. 24) :Fascism is definitely and absolutely opposed to the doctrines of liberalism, both in the political and economic sphere. (p. 32) :The Fascist State lays claim to rule in the economic field no less than in others; it makes its action felt throughout the length and breadth of the country by means of its corporate, social, and educational institutions, and all the political, economic, and spiritual forces of the nation, organised in their respective associations, circulate within the State. (p. 41). :::—Benito Mussolini, 1935, The Doctrine of Fascism, Firenze: Vallecchi Editore. :The Labour Charter (Promulgated by the Grand Council for Fascism on April 21, 1927)—(published in the Gazzetta Ufficiale, April 3, 1927) {Link without Title} (p. 133) :The Corporate State and its Organization (p. 133) :The corporate State considers that private enterprise in the sphere of production is the most effective and usefu [typo-should be: useful instrument in the interest of the nation. In view of the fact that private organisation of production is a function of national concern, the organiser of the enterprise is responsible to the State for the direction given to production. :State intervention in economic production arises only when private initiative is lacking or insufficient, or when the political interests of the State are involved. This intervention may take the form of control, assistance or direct management. (pp. 135-136) :::—Benito Mussolini, 1935, Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions, Rome: 'Ardita' Publishers. Edition and translation differences ''The Doctrine of Fascism'': "Fascism, the more it considers and observes the future and the development of humanity quite apart from political considerations of the moment, believes neither in the possibility nor the utility of perpetual peace. It thus repudiates the doctrine of Pacifism -- born of a renunciation of the struggle and an act of cowardice in the face of sacrifice. War alone brings up to its highest tension all human energy and puts the stamp of nobility upon the peoples who have courage to meet it." —Mussolini ''Fascism Doctrine and Institutions'': "First of all, as regards the future development of mankind, and quite apart from all present political considerations. Fascism does not, generally speaking, believe in the possibility or utility of perpetual peace. It therefore discards pacifism as a cloak for cowardly supine renunciation in contradistinction to self-sacrifice. War alone keys up all human energies to their maximum tension and sets the seal of nobility on those peoples who have the courage to face it." —Mussolini SEE ALSO REFERENCES #''Fascism'', Noel O'Sullivan, l983 pg 138: referencing; ''Mussolini's Roman Empire'', by Mack Smith Penguin, ed., l979, first published in l976, pg 247. #''The Doctrine of Fascism'', by Benito Mussolini, 1935, Firenze: Vallecchi Editore. #''Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions'', by Benito Mussolini, 1935, 'Ardita' Publishers, Rome. EXTERNAL LINKS
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