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BALKAN WARS The Ottoman army in the Balkan s was large and appeared on the surface to be modern. However, this was just a facade as the Ottoman army was largely corrupt, poorly lead, poorly trained, and ineffective. In 1913 a nationalist uprising broke out in Albania , and on October 8 , the Balkan League , consisting of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria, mounted a joint attack on the Ottoman Empire, starting the First Balkan War . Albania declared independence on November 28 , Turkey agreed to a ceasefire on December 2 , and its territory losses were finalized in 1913 in the treaties of London and Bucharest . Albania became independent, and the Empire lost almost all of its European territory ( Kosovo , Sanjak Of Novi Pazar , Macedonia and western Thrace ) to the four allies. RELATIONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I Italy declared war on the Empire on September 29 , 1911 , demanding the turnover of Tripoli and Cyrenaica . When the empire did not respond, Italian forces took those areas on November 5 of that year (this act was confirmed by an act of the Italian Parliament on February 25 , 1912 ). WORLD WAR I See Also: Middle Eastern theatre of World War I The Ottoman Empire, ruled effectively by the three Pashas, Enver Pasha , Pasha Djemal , and Talat Pasha , sided diplomatically with the Central Powers , in large part because Russia was one of the Allies. They had negotiated a deal with Germany . In exchange for money and future control over Russian territory, the Ottoman Government abandoned a neutral position and sided with Germany. By allowing the German Battlecruiser s The Goeben and The Breslau (flying the flag of the Ottoman Empire no less) to shoot at Russian ships in Odessa on October 24 1914 , the Ottoman government clearly allied itself with Germany and Austria-Hungary . As a result of this deliberate and unprovoked attack, Britain , France , and Russia all declared war on the Ottoman Empire within the first 5 days of November. The details of the war can be found under Middle Eastern Theatre Of World War I . SèVRES TO THE END The Treaty Of Sevres was signed by the Ottoman Empire but it was destined never to be ratified. Its terms were admittedly severe, and they were widely criticized as vindictive. The coming years showed that it was also impracticable. Sèvres was the end of the Ottoman Empire. Turkish Revolutionaries refused to accept the Treaty of Sèvres. Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal , a Turkish National Movemet began. The parliament in Istanbul could not function, and at the end British closed the parliament. New elections performed through out Anatolia and with some parliamenters, who escaped from Istanbul, a new government is build in Ankara . The rest of the story is Turkish Independence war. The Treaty Of Lausanne announced the new Turkish State internationally. This new state gave the 'coup de grâce' to the Ottoman state, in 1922 , with the overthrow of Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin by the new republican assembly of Turkey. |
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