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Sigiliul orasului liber Clujjpg
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cluj_in_Romaniapng
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Cluj County
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County capital
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Emil Boc
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Democratic Party
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2004
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1795
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2002
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318,027
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1771
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http://wwwprimariaclujnapocaro
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(pronunciation in county, is one of the most important academic, cultural and industrial centers in
Romania . The city is located in northwestern Romania, and is approximately 320 km northwest of
Bucharest in the
Someşul Mic valley. The city was known until 1974 as '''Cluj''', when the name was changed to its current form.
Settlement at Cluj-Napoca reaches as far back as prehistoric times. After the
Roman Empire conquered
Dacia in the beginning of the
2nd Century ,
Trajan established a
Legion base known as ''Napoca''. Hadrian raised Napoca to the status of a
Municipium , naming it ''Municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napoca''. The locality was later raised to the status of a
Colonia , probably during the reign of
Marcus Aurelius . Napoca became a provincial capital of Provincia Porolissensis and the seat of a
Procurator . However, during the
Migrations Period Napoca was overrun and destroyed.
King
Stephen V Of Hungary encouraged the
Transylvanian Saxons to colonize near the Roman city of Napoca in
1272 . Their settlement received the German name ''Klausenburg'', from the old word ''Klause'' meaning "mountain pass." It has been suggested that the Romanian name ''Cluj'' may be derived from ''Klause'' as well, or from the Latin name ''Castrum clus'', the name by which the city first appeared in written documents, around
1170 (''clusum (Lat.)'' = "closed", referring to the city being surrounded by hills). The city of ''Cluj'' / Klausenburg was also known as ''Kolozsvár'' by the Magyars who lived there.
In Church was built under King
Sigismund . Cluj became a free city in
1405 . By this time the number of Saxon and
Hungarian inhabitants was equal, and King
Matthias Corvinus (born in Cluj in
1440 ) ordered that the chief judge should be Hungarian and Saxon in turn.
In
1541 Cluj became part of the Principality of Transylvania. Although
Alba Iulia was the political capital for the princes of Transylvania, Cluj was the main cultural and religious center for the principality.
Stephen Bathory founded a
Jesuit academy in Cluj in
1581 . Between
1545 and
1570 large numbers of Saxons left the city due to the introduction of
Unitarian doctrines, while Hungary's wars with
Ottoman Empire further reduced the German population. They were largely replaced with Magyars, and the city became a center for Hungarian nobility and intellectuals.
The first Hungarian newspaper appeared in Cluj in
1791 , and the first Hungarian
Theatrical company was established in
1792 . In
1798 the city was heavily damaged by a fire.
From
1790 -
1848 and
1861 -
1867 , Cluj was the capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania and the seat of the Transylvanian diets. Beginning in
1830 , the city became the centre of the Hungarian national movement in the principality. During the
Revolutions Of 1848 , Cluj was taken and garrisoned in December by Hungarians under the command of the
Polish general
Józef Bem .
After the
Ausgleich (compromise) which created
Austria-Hungary in 1867, Cluj and Transylvania were integrated into the
Kingdom Of Hungary . During this time Cluj was the second-largest city in the kingdom behind
Budapest , and was the seat of
Kolozs county.
After the
First World War Cluj became part of the
Kingdom Of Romania , along with the rest of
Transylvania . In
1940 Cluj was awarded to Hungary through the
Second Vienna Award , but Hungarian forces in the city were defeated by the Romanian and
Soviet armies in
October 1944 . Cluj was restored to Romania by the
Treaty Of Paris in
1947 .
Cluj had 16,763 Jews in 1941. The Cluj Jews were ghettoized in 1944 under conditions of intense overcrowding and practically no facilities. Liquidation of the ghetto occurred through six deportations to Auschwitz between May and June 1944. Hungarians remained the majority of the population until the 1950s. According to the 1966 Census from the 185,663 inhabitants of the city, 56% were Romanians and 41% Hungarians. Until 1974 the official Romanian name of the city was Cluj. It was renamed to Cluj-Napoca by the Communist government to recognize it as the site of the Roman colony Napoca. Some believe this was done to slight the Hungarian community, by suggesting that the ethnic Romanian community is descended from the Dacians colonized by the Romans, a controversial issue (see
Origin Of Romanians ).
After the democratic revolution in
1990 came the twelve-year mayorship of right-wing politician
Gheorghe Funar . His tenure was marked by rising anti-Hungarian sentiment, and a number of public art projects were undertaken by the city with the aim of obscuring its Hungarian heritage. In June 2004 Gheorghe Funar was voted out of office, coming in third in the first round of voting. He was replaced by Emil Boc of the Democratic Party, who began working with Hungarians to restore good ethnic relations in the city.
In
1994 and in
2000 , Cluj-Napoca hosted the
Central European Olympiad In Informatics (CEOI). It thus made Romania not only the first country to have hosted the CEOI, but also the first country to have hosted it a second time.
The city is known in
Hasidic Jewish history for the founding of the
Sanz-Klausenburg dynasty.
The mayor of Cluj-Napoca is
Emil Boc , the leader of the
Democratic Party .
The Cluj-Napoca Municipal Council, elected in the 2004 local government elections, is made up of 27 councillors, with the following party composition:
Politics Of Cluj Napoca
From the (79.4%), 60,287 Hungarians (19%), 1%
Roma , 0.23%
Germans and 0.06%
Jews .
Official Censuses show the following population dynamics:
- 60,808 in 19 December 1910 ; (81.6% Hungarians)
- 100,844 in 29 December 1930 ; (53.3% Hungarians)
- 114,984 in 1941, (87.1% Hungarians)
Cluj had 16,763 Jews in 1941. The Cluj Jews were ghettoized in 1944 by occupying forces from Hungary and deported to Auschwitz between May and June 1944.
Ursus Beer is brewed here. The city is served by the
Cluj-Napoca International Airport .
The IT sector is well represented, with over 100 software companies and two universities that provide quality graduate engineers.
Cluj-Napoca is one of the most important Romanian academic centres.
Universities:
Some private universities:
- ''Dimitrie Cantemir'' Christian University (more than 1,500 students)
:: official site
Some important colleges:
Liceul de Informatică ''Tiberiu Popoviciu'' , Colegiul National ''George Baritiu'', Liceul Teoretic ''Lucian Blaga'',
Liceul ''Emil Racoviţă'' , Liceul ''Gheorghe Şincai'', Liceul ''Nicolae Bălcescu'', Liceul ''George Coşbuc'', Liceul ''Mihai Eminescu'', Liceul ''Onisifor Ghibu'',
Báthory István Elméleti Liceum ,
János Zsigmond Unitárius Kollégium , Brassai Sámuel Gimnázium,
Apáczai Csere János Elméleti Liceum
There was another university in Cluj-Napoca, simply called ''University of Cluj'' (Romanian: ''Universitatea din Cluj'', Hungarian: ''Kolozsvári Tudományegyetem''), founded in
1872 by Emperor
Franz Joseph I. . In
1881 this university was renamed ''Franz Joseph University'' (Ferenc József Tudományegyetem). Soon after
World War I , in
1919 , the university moved to Budapest, where it remained until
1921 when it moved again, this time to
Szeged . In August 1940, during the
Second World War ,
Hitler awarded the northern half of Transylvania (including Cluj-Napoca) to
Hungary by the second
Vienna Award (Vienna Arbitration Award or Vienna Diktat). During the Hungarian occupation of northern Transylvania, from August 1940 until 1945 the university moved to Cluj-Napoca. In
1945 it moved back to Szeged and was renamed
University Of Szeged , which became one of the most distinguished universities in Hungary and in
Central Europe . At the same time (1940 - 1945), Universitatea din Cluj moved to
Sibiu .
See Also: Modern architecture in Cluj-Napoca
Cluj is an important city in Transylvania, so many firms and banks have headquarters there, some building modern tall skyscrapers and glass buildings throughout the city.
- Universitatea BT Agressione Cluj-Napoca
- Universitatea BT ACSA Terapia Cluj-Napoca (women)
- BU Policarbochim Cluj-Napoca (men)
- U Jolidon Cluj-Napoca (women) http://www.ujolidon.tk
- U Armatura Cluj-Napoca (men)
The tourist not-to-miss list should definitely include the following:
- the ''Avram Iancu'' Square with the Orthodox Cathedral, the National Theatre and the ''Avram Iancu'' Statue
- the ''Unirii'' Square with the Catholic Church and the Matthias Corvinus (''Matei Corvin'' in Romanian, ''Hunyadi Mátyás'' in Hungarian) Statue
- the ''Universităţii'' Street with the ''Babeş-Bolyai'' University and The Reformed Church
- the ''Mihai Viteazul'' Square with the ''Mihai Viteazul'' Statue
- the ''Lucian Blaga'' Square with the University Library
- the Botanical Garden
- the ''George Baritiu'' Street with the Technical University
- the ''Cetăţuia'' with its wonderful panorama of the city
- the Central Park
- several museums: Transilvanian Ethnographic Museum (including its open air section), History Museum, Art Museum, Zoology Museum, Farmacy Museum
