| Caliph Of Cordoba |
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The Caliph of Córdoba (خليفة قرظبة) ruled the Iberian Peninsula ('' Al-Andalus '') and North Africa from the city of Córdoba , from 929 to 1031 . This period was characterized by remarkable success in trade and culture; many of the masterpieces of Islam ic Spain were constructed in this period, including the famous Great Mosque Of Córdoba . The title ''''' Caliph ''''' (خليفة) was claimed by Abd-ar-Rahman III on January 16 , 929; he was previously known as the '''Emir of Córdoba''' (أمير قرطبة). All Caliphs of Córdoba were members of the Ummayad dynasty; the same dynasty had held the title Emir of Córdoba and ruled over roughly the same territory since 756 . The Caliph's rule is known as the splendor of Muslim presence in the Iberic peninsule, although it was practically finished in 1010, with the '' Fitna '' (or civil war) which started between descendents of the last legitime Caliph Hisham II and the successors of his prime minister (or '' Hayib '') Almanzor. Furthermore, the Caliph's Empire probably was exhausted by its expensive military efforts. However, the Caliph officially existed until 1031, when it was fractured into a number of independent '' Taifa s''. THE UMMAYAD DYNASTY Abd-ar-Rahman I became Emir of Córdoba 6 years after his dynasty, the Ummayad , had lost the position of Caliph (held in Damascus ) in 750 . Abd-ar-Rahman I was on the run from persecutors for 6 years before arriving in Spain. Intent on regaining a position of power, he defeated the existing Islamic rulers of the area, and united various local Fiefdom s into an Emirate . Rulers of the Emirate were content to use the title Emir or Sultan until the 10th Century , when Abd-ar-Rahman III was faced with the threat of invasion by the Fatimid s, a rival Islamic empire based in Cairo . Partially to help in his fight against the invading Fatimids, who claimed the Caliphate in opposition to the generally recognized Abbasid ian Caliph of Baghdad , Rahman III claimed the title of Caliph himself. This move helped Rahman III gain prestige with his subjects, and the title was retained even after the Fatimids were repulsed. , in Granada , is one of the finest examples of the high art and culture achieved by the Islamic civilization in Spain.]] After the battle of the Caliph had achieved. In the north of the Iberic peninsula, the small Christian kingdoms, such as the '' Marca Hispanica '', the Kingdom Of Navarre and Aragon difficulty resisted to the overwelming power of modern science and technology. Divided in many little feudal territories, they begged for arbitrary from the Caliph, who didn't miss the opportunity to take some territories in exchange of peace. In 985 , the Mores pilferred Barcelona and in 997 Santiago De Compostella . The last Caliph of Córdoba was Hisham III ( 1027 - 1031 ). At his death in 1031 the territories he controlled, which had by then shrunk mainly to possessions on the Iberian Peninsula , fractured into a number of independent '' Taifa s''. These fiefdoms continued until they were gradually pushed out by Christian forces during the '' Reconquista '', unable to effectively resist as independent factions. ECONOMY .]] The economy of the Caliph was based on a considerable economic capacity - grounded in an important trade -, highly developed craftmanship, and the most modern agricultural techniques in Europe. It based its economy on its money, which had a fundamental role in its financial splendor. The gold cordobesa money became the most important one of these ages, which was probably imitated later by the Carolingian empire. Thus, the Caliph was the first European commercial urban economy following the disappearance of the Roman Empire . Córdoba, the capital of the Caliphat, reached a 100, 000 inhabitants, probably making it the most important human center of Europe in these times. CULTURE The cultural aspects are also amazing, in particular following Al-Hakam II 's control of power. This caliph founded a library which would have attained 400, 000 volumes. The Caliph of Córdoba thus became famous for its Philosophy , translating to medieval Europe works from Ancient Greece . Ibn Masarra , Abentofain , Averroes who brought Platonism to Europe, and the Jew Maimónides (whom prepared the assemblage ofthe ancient Aristotelician philosophy with Christianism ) were some of these famous thinkers, although the majority were known for their groudbreaking achievements in medecine, mathematics and astronomy. Umayyad Emirs of Córdoba
Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba
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