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Paul Pierre Broca ( June 28 , 1824 – July 9 , 1880 ) was a French Physician , Anatomist and Anthropologist . He was born in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande , France. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH Broca was a Prodigy as a child, holding Baccalaureate degrees simultaneously in Literature , Mathematics , and Physics . He entered Medical School in Paris when he was only 17 years old and graduated at 20, when most of his contemporaries were just beginning as Medical Student s. Broca soon became a Professor of Surgical Pathology at the University Of Paris . He quickly excelled as a noted medical researcher in many areas. At the age of 24 he had received many awards, medals, and important positions. His early Scientific works dealt with the Histology of Cartilage and Bone , but he also studied Cancer pathology, the treatment of Aneurysms , and Infant Mortality . As a Neuroanatomist he made important contributions to the understanding of the Limbic System and Rhinencephalon . His research on the localization of speech led to entirely new research into the Lateralization Of Brain Function . He wrote extensively on Darwinism , known as transformism in France. SPEECH RESEARCH Broca is most famous for his discovery of the Speech production center of the Brain located in the Frontal Lobe s (now known as the Broca's Area . He arrived at this discovery by studying the brains of Aphasic patients (persons unable to talk), particularly the brain of his first patient in the Bicêtre Hospital , nickname "Tan" due to the patient's inability to clearly speak any words other than "tan". In 1861, through Post-mortem autopsy, Broca determined that Tan had a Lesion caused by Syphillis in the left Cerebral Hemisphere . This lesion was determined to cover the area of the brain important for speech production. Although history credits this discovery to Broca, it should be noted that another French neurologist, Marc Dax , made similar observations a generation earlier. Patients with damage to Broca's Area and/or to neighboring regions of the left inferior frontal lobe are often categorized clinically as having Broca's Aphasia . This type of aphasia, which often involves impairments in speech output, can be contrasted with Wernicke's Aphasia , named for Karl Wernicke , which is characterized by damage to more Posterior regions of the left hemisphere (in the superior Temporal Lobe ), and by greater impairments in speech comprehension. ANTHROPOLOGY RESEARCH Broca was also a pioneer in the study of Physical Anthropology . He founded the Anthropological Society in 1859, the ''Revue d'Anthropologie'' in 1872, and the School of Anthropology in Paris in 1876. Just like everyone else in his time he had no reason to think that the skulls of living people were trepanned prior to the time of the ancient Greeks. The situation changed dramatically for him and subsequently for scientists around the world in 1867, after he was shown an old Peruvian skull with cross-hatched cuts. This skull came from an Inca cemetery in the valley of Yucay and was shown to him by Ephraim George Squier, an archaeologist, writer, and diplomat. Careful examination of the Peruvian skull left no doubt in Broca's mind that "advanced surgery" had been performed in the New World before the European conquest. Broca advanced the science of ''. ANATOMY RESEARCH Another field in which Broca contributed significantly was the Comparative Anatomy of Primate s. He described, for the first time, Trephined Skulls from the Neolithic . He was very interested in the relation between anatomical features of the brain and mental capabilities, such as Intelligence . PERSONAL LIFE As a personality, Broca was a remarkable individual. His biographer, neurosurgeon, Francis Schiller, records his fights with his local Church which attempted to have him stuck off the electoral roll. Broca was denounced by authorities as a Subversive , Materialist , and corrupter of the youth after he founded a society of Freethinkers in 1848 sympathetic to Charles Darwin 's theories. Near the end of his life, Paul Broca was elected a lifetime member of the French Senate . He was also a member of the Académie Française and held Honorary Degree s from many other learned institutions, both in France and abroad. Broca died in Paris in 1880. REFERENCES
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