| Bombing Of Tokyo In World War Ii |
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| world war ii aerial operations and battles of the pacific theatre | |
| japan during world war ii | |
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EARLY RAIDS bombers were used to drop hundreds of thousands of tons of explosives onto Japanese cities during the war.]] The first raid on Tokyo was the Doolittle Raid of April 18 , 1942 when sixteen B-25 Mitchell s were launched from the USS ''Hornet'' (CV-8) to attack targets including Yokohama and Tokyo and then fly on to airfields in China . The raids were military pin-pricks but a significant Propaganda victory. Launched prematurely, none of the attacking aircraft reached the designated airfields, either crashing or ditching (except for one aircraft which landed in the Soviet Union , where the crew was interned). Two crews were captured by the Japanese. The key development for the bombing of Japan was the B-29 , which had an operational range of 1500 miles (2,400 km); almost 90% of the bombs dropped on the home islands of Japan were delivered by this type of bomber (147,000 Short Ton s, 133,000 Metric Ton s). The initial raids were carried out by the Twentieth Air Force operating out of mainland China in Operation Matterhorn under XX Bomber Command . Initially the Twentieth Air Force was under the command of Hap Arnold , and later Curtis LeMay . The first raid by B-29s on Japan from China June 15 , 1944 . The planes took off from Chengdu , over 1500 miles away. This first raid was also not particularly damaging to Japan. Only forty-seven of the sixty-eight B–29s airborne hit the target area; four aborted with mechanical problems, four crashed, six jettisoned their bombs because of mechanical difficulties, and others bombed secondary targets or targets of opportunity. Only one B–29 was lost to enemy aircraft. The first raid from the east was on November 24 , 1944 when 88 aircraft bombed Tokyo. The bombs were dropped from around 30,000 feet (10,000 m) and it is estimated that only around 10% of the bombs hit designated targets. The mainland China option was never a satisfactory arrangement because not only were the Chinese airbases difficult to supply via The Hump from India , but the B-29s operating from them could only reach Japan if they substituted some of the bomb load for extra fuel tanks in the bomb-bays. When Admiral Chester Nimitz 's Island-hopping campaign captured islands close enough to Japan to be within the range of B-29s, the Twentieth Air Force was assigned to XXI Bomber Command which organized a much more effective bombing campaign of the Japanese home islands. Based in the Marianas ( Guam and Tinian in particular) the B-29s were now able to carry their full bomb loads. Unlike all other forces in theater, the Bomber Command s did not report to the commanders of the theaters but directly the Joint Chiefs Of Staff . In March 1945 they were placed under the U.S. Strategic Air Forces In The Pacific which was commanded by General Carl Spaatz . As in Europe, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) tried daylight Precision Bombing . However, it proved to be impossible due to the weather around Japan, as bombs dropped from a great height were tossed about by high winds. General LeMay, commander of XXI Bomber Command, instead switched to mass firebombing night attacks, from altitudes ranging from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, on the major Conurbation s of Tokyo , Nagoya , Osaka , and Kobe . Despite limited early success, LeMay was determined to use such bombing tactics against the vulnerable Japanese cities. Attacks on Strategic Target s also continued in lower-level daylight raids. The most devastating attacks, even more so than the well-known nuclear attacks, were the fire-bombing campaigns against Japanese cities. FIREBOMBING The first Firebombing raid was on Kobe on February 3 , 1945 , and following its relative success the USAAF continued the tactic. Much of the armor and defensive weaponry of the bombers was also removed to allow increased bomb loads; Japanese Air Defense in terms of night-fighters and Anti-aircraft Gun s was so inadequate that it was hardly a risk. The first such raid on Tokyo was on the night of February 23 – 24 when 174 B-29s destroyed around one square mile (~2.56 km&2) of the city. Following on that success 334 B-29s took off from the Mariana Islands on the night of March 9 – 10 heading for Tokyo. After 2 hours of bombardment the wooden city of Tokyo was engulfed in a firestorm. These fires were so hot they would literally ignite the clothing on individuals as they were fleeing. What was particularly horrifying was a lot of the women were wearing what were called 'air-raid turbans' around their heads and the heat would ignite those turbans like igniting a wick on a candle to start consuming the flame. The aftermath of the incendiary bombings lead to an estimated 100,000 Japanese dead. This may have been the most devasting single raid ever carried out by aircraft in any war including the Atomic Bombings Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki . Around 16 square miles (41 km&2) of the city was destroyed in the Fire Storm . The destruction and damage was at its worst in the city sections east of the Imperial Palace. In the following two weeks there were almost 1,600 further Sortie s against the four cities, destroying 31 square miles (80 km&2) in total at a cost of 22 aircraft. There was a third raid on Tokyo on May 26 . The firebomb raids were not the only raids on Tokyo; there were more regular raids using conventional High Explosive s. With the capture of Okinawa , the Eighth Air Force was transferred there from Europe and began its own raids. Monthly tonnage dropped on Japan had increased from 13,800 short tons in March to 42,700 tons in July (from 12,500 to 38,700 metric tons), and was planned to have continued to increase to around 115,000 short tons (105,000 metric tons) per month. The firebombing of Tokyo and other Japanese cities is considered a ." He felt, however, that his bombings were saving lives by encouraging Japan to surrender earlier. Former Japanese prime minister Fumimaro Konoe 's statement that, fundamentally, the thing that brought about the determination to make peace was the prolonged bombing by the B-29s, lends support to this view. Tokyo was not considered as an official target for the first Nuclear Attack s, although Tokyo Bay was apparently examined as a target for a non-lethal demonstration. EXTERNAL LINKS
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