After the 1862 fall of the Empire's capital Hamdullahi to El Hadj Umar Tall 's Toucouleur Empire , Amadu Amadu was captured and executed, leaving Balobo the leader of remaining Massina forces. Assembling a force of Peul s and Kounta s, Balobo succeeded in driving Umar Tall from Hamdullahi and into the cliffs of Dogon country near Bandiagara in 1864 . Though Umar Tall died there in an explosion of his Gunpowder reserves, his nephew Tidiani Tall succeeded him as Toucouleur emperor, and supressed Balobo's resistance; the Massina never regained their independence as a state.
Pre-colonial Malian History (French language)
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