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He succeeded Attalus II , although their relationship, if any, is unknown. Attalus III had little interest in ruling Pergamon, devoting his time to studying Medicine , Botany , Gardening , and other pursuits. He had no children or heirs of his own, and in his Will he left the kingdom to the Roman Republic . Tiberius Gracchus requested that the treasury of Pergamon be opened up to the Roman public, but the Senate refused this.

Not everyone in Pergamon accepted Rome's rule. Aristonicus , who claimed to be Attalus' brother as well as the son of Eumenes II , an earlier king, led a revolt among the lower classes. The revolt was put down in 129 BC , and Pergamon was divided among Rome, Pontus , and Cappadocia .