| Artificial Immune Systems |
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Processes simulated in AlS include Pattern Recognition , Hypermutation and Clonal Selection for B Cell s, Negative Selection of T Cell s, Affinity Maturation and Immune Network Theory . This article covers the Algorithm ic implementation of these processes. For underlying biological terminology, refer to the Natural Immune System . PATTERN RECOGNITION Antibody & Antigen representation is commonly implemented by strings of attributes. Attributes may be binary, integer or real-valued, although in principle any ordinal attribute could be used. Matching is done on the grounds of Euclidean Distance , Manhattan Distance or Hamming Distance . HYPERMUTATION Clonal Selection algorithms are commonly used for Antibody Hypermutation . This allows the attribute string to be improved (as measured by a fitness function) using mutation alone. HISTORY AIS began in the mid 80's with Farmer, Packard and Perelson's paper on immune networks (1986). However, it was only in the mid-90's that AIS became a subject area in its own right. Forrest et al (on Negative Selection ) began in 1994; and Dasgupta conducted extensive studies on Negative Selection Algorithms. Hunt and Cooke started the works on Immune Network models in 1995; Timmis and Neal continued this work and made some improvements. De Castro and Von Zuben's work (on Clonal Selection ) became notable in 1999. The first book on Artificial Immune Systems was edited by Dasgupta in 1999. New ideas, such as Danger Theory and algorithms inspired by the Innate Immune System , are also now being explored. Although some doubt that they are yet offering anything over and above existing AIS algorithms, this is hotly debated, and the debate is providing one the main driving forces for AIS development at the moment. Originally AIS set out simply to find efficient abstrations of processes found in the Immune System but, more recently, some AIS practioners are becoming interested in modelling the immune system, and in applying AIS computation to immunological problems. This is clearly related to Immunoinformatics . REFERENCES AND WEB RESOURCES
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