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This article introduced the formal notion of the Enemy Of Workers : those subject to articles 58-2 — 58-13 (those under 58-1 were "traitors", 58-14 were "saboteurs").

Penal codes of other Republics Of Soviet Union also had articles of similar nature.


SUMMARY

Note: In this section, the phraseology of article 58 is given in quotes.

The article covered the following offenses.

  • 58-1: Definition of Counterrevolutionary activity:

    • :"A counterrevolutionary action is any action aimed at overthrowing, undermining or weakening of the power of workers' and peasants' Soviet s... and governments of the USSR and Soviet and Autonomous republics, or at the undermining or weakening of the external security of the USSR and main economical, political and national achievements of the proletarial revolution"

It was not limited to anti-Soviet acts: by "international solidarity of workers", any other "worker's state" was protected by this article.
  • ---58-1а. Treason : death sentence or 10 years of prison, both cases with property confiscation.

  • ---58-1б. Treason by military personnel: death sentence with property confiscation.

  • ---58-1в. In the case of flight of the offender in treason, his relatives were subject to 5-10 years of imprisonment with confiscation or 5 years of Siberia exile, depending on the circumstances: either they helped or knew and didn't report or simply lived with the offender.

  • ---58-1г. Non-reporting of a treason by a military man: 10 years of imprisonment. Non-reporting by others: offense by Article 58-12.


  • 58-2. Armed uprising or intervention with the goal to seize the power: up to death with confiscation, including formal recognition as " Enemy Of Workers ".

  • 58-3. Contacts with foreigners "with counter-revolutionary purposes" are subject to Article 58-2.

  • 58-4. Any kind of help to "international bourgeoisie" which does not recognize communist states: punishment similar to 58-2.

  • 58-5. Urging any foreign entity to any actions against USSR: similar to 58-2.

  • 58-6. Espionage, including “unproved espionage” (недоказанный шпионаж), and “having ties, which may provoke suspicion of espionage” (связи, ведущие к подозрению в шпионаже). Punishment: similar to 58-2.

  • 58-7. Undermining of state industry, transport, monetary circulation or credit system, as well as of cooperative societies and organizations, with counter-revolutionary purpose by means of the corresponding usage of the state institutions, as well as by opposing their normal functioning: same as 58-2. ''Note: the offense according to this article was known as Wrecking and the offenders were called "wreckers".''

  • 58-8. Terrorist acts against representatives of Soviet power or of workers and peasants organisations: same as 58-2.

  • 58-9. Damage of transport, communication, water supply, warehouses and other buildings or state and communal property with counter-revolutionary purpose: same as 58-2.

  • 58-10. Anti-Soviet And Counter-revolutionary Propaganda And Agitation : up to 6 months of imprisonment. In the conditions of unrest or war: same as 58.2.

  • 58-11. Any kind of organisational or support actions related to the preparation or execution of the above crimes is equated to the corresponding offenses and persecuted by the corresponding articles.

  • 58-12. Non-reporting of a "counter-revolutionary activity": at least 6 months of imprisonment.

  • 58-13. Active struggle against revolutionary movement of Tsarist personnel and members of "counter-revolutionary governments" during the Civil War , same as 58-2.

  • 58-14 (added on June 6th, with property confiscation.



APPLICATION

The article led to the imprisonment of many prominent people, see , as well as multitudes of nonnotable innocents.

Sentences were long, up to 25 years, and frequently extended indefinitely without trial or consultation. Inmates under Article 58 were known as "politichesky" (полити́ческий), as opposed to common criminals, "ugolovnik" (уголо́вник). Upon release, the prisoner would typically be sent into an exile within Russia without the right to settle closer than 100 Km From Large Cities .

Section 10 of Article 58 made "propaganda and agitation against the Soviet Union" a triable offence, whilst section 12 allowed for onlookers to be prosecuted for not reporting instances of section 10. In effect, Article 58 was Carte Blanche for the Secret Police to Arrest and imprison anyone deemed suspicious, making for its use as a political weapon. A person could be framed: The latter would arrange an "anti-Soviet" incident in the person's presence and then try the person for it. If the person pleaded innocence, not having reported the incident would also make them liable to imprisonment.

During and after World War II , Article 58 was used to imprison many returned Soviet Prisoners Of War on the grounds that their capture and detainment by the Axis Powers during the war was proof that they did not fight to the death and were therefore anti-Soviet.


EVOLUTION

After the denunciation of Stalinism by Nikita Khrushchev the code was significantly rewritten.

SEE ALSO



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