| Aristide Briand |
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EARLY LIFE He was born at Nantes , of a Bourgeois family. He studied Law , and soon went into politics, associating himself with the most advanced movements, writing articles for the Anarchist journal ''Le Peuple'', and directing the ''Lanterne'' for some time. From this he passed to the ''Petite République'', leaving it to found '' L'Humanité '', in collaboration with Jean Jaurès . ACTIVISM At the same time he was prominent in the movement for the formation of Trade Union s, and at the congress of working men at Nantes in 1894 he secured the adoption of the labour union idea against the adherents of Jules Guesde . From that time, Briand became one of the leaders of the French Socialist Party . In 1902 , after several unsuccessful attempts, he was elected deputy. He declared himself a strong partisan of the union of the Left in what is known as the ''Bloc'', in order to check the reactionary deputies of the Right. From the beginning of his career in the chamber of deputies, Briand was occupied with the question of the Separation Of Church And State . He was appointed reporter of the commission charged with the preparation of the law, and his masterly report at once marked him out as one of the coming leaders. He succeeded in carrying his project through with but slight modifications, and without dividing the parties upon whose support he relied. He was the principal author of the law of separation, but, not content with preparing it, he wished to apply it as well, especially as the existing ministry of Maurice Rouvier was allowing disturbances during the taking of inventories of church property, a clause of the law for which Briand was not responsible. Consequently he accepted the portfolio of public instruction and worship in the Sarrien ministry ( 1906 ). So far as the chamber was concerned his success was complete. But the acceptance of a portfolio in a bourgeois ministry led to his exclusion from the Unified Socialist party (March 1906). As opposed to Jaurès, he contended that the Socialists should co-operate actively with the Radicals in all matters of reform, and not stand aloof to await the complete fulfilment of their ideals. PRIME MINISTER OF FRANCE Briand succeeded Clemenceau as Prime Minister in 1909 , serving until 1911 , and served again for a few months in 1913 . In October 1915, following on French defeats in the First World War , Briand again became Prime Minister, and, for the first time, Foreign Minister, succeeding René Viviani and Théophile Delcassé respectively. His tenure was not particularly successful, and he resigned in March 1917 as a result of disagreements over the prospective Nivelle Offensive , to be succeeded by Alexandre Ribot . Briand returned to power in 1921 , but his efforts to come to an agreement over reparations with the Germans failed in the wake of German intransigence, and he was succeeded by the more bellicose Raymond Poincaré . In the wake of the Ruhr Crisis, however, Briand's more conciliatory style became more acceptable, and he returned to the Quai D'Orsay in 1925 , remaining foreign minister until his death. Aristide Briand received the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize together with Gustav Stresemann of Germany for the Locarno Treaties ( Austen Chamberlain of the United Kingdom had won a share of the Peace Prize a year earlier for the same agreement). A 1927 proposal by Briand and United States Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg for a universal pact outlawing war led the following year to the Pact Of Paris , aka the ''Kellogg-Briand Pact''. The cordial relations between Briand and Stresemann, the leading statesmen of their respective countries, were cut short by the unexpected death of Stresemann in 1929 and of Briand in 1932. REFERENCE GOVERNMENTS Briand's first Government, 24 July 1909 - 3 November 1910
Briand's second Minister, 3 November 1910 - 2 March 1911
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Briand's third Government, 21 January - 22 March 1913
Briand's fourth Government, 29 October 1915 - 12 December 1916
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Briand's fifth Government, 12 December 1916 - 20 March 1917
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Briand's sixth Government, 16 January 1921 - 15 January 1922
Briand's seventh Government, 28 November 1925 - 9 March 1926
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Briand's eighth Government, 9 March - 23 June 1926
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Briand's Ninth Government, 23 June - 19 July 1926
Briand's tenth Government, 29 July - 3 November 1929
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