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, the last historical Antipope.]] An antipope is one who, in opposition to the generally recognized Pope , makes a widely accepted claim to be the lawful Pope. In several cases, it is hard to tell which was in fact the lawful Pope and which the antipope. In its list of the Popes, the Holy See 's annual directory, '' Annuario Pontificio '', attaches to the name of Pope Leo VIII (963-965) the following note: "At this point, as again in the mid-eleventh century, we come across elections in which problems of harmonizing historical criteria and those of theology and canon law make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed the legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the Successors of Saint Peter. The uncertainty that in some cases results has made it advisable to abandon the assignation of successive numbers in the list of the Popes." HISTORY The earliest antipope, all night by the holy angels", covered in ash, dressed in Sackcloth , and "after some difficulty", tearfully submitted to Pope Zephyrinus . The period when antipopes were most numerous was during the struggles between the Popes and the Holy Roman Emperor s of the 11th and 12th Centuries . The emperors frequently imposed their own nominees, in order to further their cause. (The popes, likewise, sometimes sponsored rival imperial claimants in Germany in order to overcome a particular emperor.) The Great , Italy , where the council that elected Alexander V as a third claimant was held. To end the schism, the Council Of Constance deposed, in May 1415, John XXIII of the Pisan line, whose claim to legitimacy was based on a council's choice, Pope Gregory XII of the Roman line resigned in July 1415, and the Council formally deposed Benedict XIII of the Avignon line, who refused to resign, in July 1417, after which Pope Martin V was elected and was accepted everywhere except in the small and rapidly diminishing area that remained faithful to Benedict XIII. The scandal of multiple claimants added to the demands for reform that produced the Protestant Reformation at the turn of the 16th Century . There has not been an antipope since 1449 (unless '' Sedevacantist Antipopes '' are counted - see below). Other schisms such as those of the Church Of England , the Old Catholic Church and the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association were rejections of papal authority, not the setting up of a rival Pope. LIST OF ANTIPOPES # St. Hippolytus ''(reconciled with Pope St. Pontian and died as martyr to the church),'' 217–235 # Novatian , 251–258 # Felix II ''(confused with a martyr with the same name and thus considered an authentic pope until recently),'' 355–365 # Ursicinus (Ursinus), 366–367 # Eulalius , 418–419 # Laurentius , 498–499, 501–506 # Dioscorus ''(perhaps legitimate, died 22 days after election, opposed to Boniface II)'', 530 # Theodore (II) (''opposed to Conon)'', 687 # Paschal (I) (''opposed to Conon)'', 687 # Theofylact , 757 # Constantine II , 767–768 # Philip ''(succeeded antipope Constantine II, but returned to his monastery on the very day of his election),'' 768 # John VIII , 844 # Anastasius III Bibliothecarius , 855 # Christopher , 903–904 # Boniface VII , 974, 984–985 #John Filagatto ( John XVI ), 997–998 # Gregory VI , 1012 # Sylvester III , 1045 #John Mincius ( Benedict X ), 1058–1059 #Pietro Cadalus ( Honorius II ), 1061–1064 #Guibert of Ravenna ( Clement III ), 1080, 1084–1100 # Theodoric , 1100–1101 # Adalbert , 1101 #Maginulf ( Sylvester IV ), 1105–1111 #Maurice Burdanus ( Gregory VIII ), 1118–1121 #Thebaldus Buccapecuc ( Celestine II ) 1124 #Pietro Pierleoni ( Anacletus II ), 1130–1138 #Gregorio Conti ( Victor IV ), 1138 #Ottavio di Montecelio ( Victor IV ), 1159–1164 #Guido di Crema ( Paschal III ), 1164–1168 #Giovanni of Struma ( Callixtus III ), 1168–1178 #Lanzo of Sezza ( Innocent III ), 1179–1180 #Pietro Rainalducci ( Nicholas V ), 1328–1330 #Robert of Geneva ( Clement VII ), ''Pope of the Avignon line'', 20 September 1378 – 16 September 1394 #Pedro de Luna ( Benedict XIII ), ''Pope of the Avignon line'', 1394–1423 #Pietro Philarghi Alexander V , ''Pope of the Pisan line'', 1409–1410 #Baldassare Cosa John XXIII , ''Pope of the Pisan line'', 1410–1415 #Gil Sánchez Muñoz ( Clement VIII ), ''Pope of the Avignon line'', 1423–1429 # Bernard Garnier (the first Benedict XIV), ''Pope of the Avignon line'', 1425–c. 1429 # Jean Carrier (the second Benedict XIV), ''Pope of the Avignon line'', 1430–1437? #Duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy ( Felix V ), 5 November 1439 – 7 April 1449 SEDEVACANTIST ANTIPOPES Some breakaway Catholics today, called as generally recognized they are merely excommunicated Schism atics. Sedevacantists regard the widely recognized successors of Pope Pius XII as antipopes. A significant number have taken the name "Peter II", due to its special significance; see Antipope Peter II . Antipopes of the 20th-21st centuries Palmarian Catholic Church
Reformed Church Of Christ / Apostles Of Infinite Love
Conclavist movements These antipopes are (for the most part) not self-proclaimed in the strictest sense but organized and held elections of 'faithful' Catholics, none of them recognized as Cardinal s. The verifiable smallest of these ' Conclave s' was attended by only 6 electors, the size of the largest is not known but claimed to be at least larger than the conclave which elected Pope Pius XII .
People who have taken the name " Peter II "
Other self-proclaimed popes
SEE ALSO
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