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HISTORY Following the conquests in Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks , Oghuz clans began invading this region. The Seljuks settled these clans in border areas, to ensure their safety against the Byzantines . (Compare Marches .) These clans led by beys would receive military and financial aid from the Seljuks in return for their services, and acted as if owing full allegiance to their sovereignty. However, during the end days of the reign of Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh I , especially with the Mongol invasions from the east, the Seljuk power deteriorated and instead Ilkhanate commanders in Anatolia gained strength and authority, which encouraged the beys openly to declare sovereignty. Many of them, following the fall of the Seljuk empire, joined forces with the dispersed Seljuk elite. Many religious Muslim leaders and warriors from Persia and Turkistan who fled the Mongols also settled in these small states. Their assaults on the Byzantines reached even further with the help of these warriors, and the power sphere of the beyliks expanded. When the Byzantine empire weakened, their cities could resist less and less the assaults of the beyliks, and eventually many Turks settled in western parts of Asia Minor (Anatolia). As a result, many more beyliks were founded in these newly conquered western regions. However, power struggles and conflicts arose between them. In the beginning, the most powerful states were the Karamanid and the Germiyan, whereas Ottoman Turks were quite weak relatively. When other beyliks were founded along the coasts, Germiyan became an inner state and lost its influence. With the advance of the Ottomans into Roumelia and their annexation of Karesi, they became rivals with the Karamanid, who were then thought to be the strongest player. The Ottomans advanced further into Anatolia by acquiring towns, either by buying them off or through marriage alliances. Meanwhile the Karamanid assaulted the Ottomans many times with the help of other beyliks, Mamluk s, White Sheep Turkmen (''Akkoyun'' or ''Ak-Qoyun''), Byzantines, Pontics and Hungarians , failing and losing power every time. The early Ottoman leaders conquered big parts of the Karamanid land, which was restored after the Ottoman defeat to the Mongol Timur Lenk in 1402 . The final blow was made by Mehmed II who conquered Karamanid in order to construct a homogeneous dominion in Anatolia. This was achieved by Selim I in 1515 who conquered Ramazan and Dulkadir, finally ending all beyliks in Anatolia and declaring sovereignty on all Turkish possessions in Anatolia. Many of the former Anatolian beyliks became the basis for Administrative Subdivisions In The Ottoman Empire . LIST OF THE ANATOLIAN BEYLIKS Alaiye Artuk Aydın (with Izmir, formerly Smyrna) - Ottoman in 1390 Candaroglu Danishmend Dulkadır = Dulgadyr - partially Armenian & Kurdish South East Ertena (Eretnid) =? Banu Eretna (with Siwas and Kaisaria) - partially Armenian Hamid ( Diyarbekir ) (land-locked western emirate) - Ottoman in 1382< Husameddin Inanc Karaman ( Karamanid dynasty; with Konya, the former Ikonion, seat of the Rum - Seljuk sultanate) - Ottoman in 1466 Karesi = Karasy (near the Dardanelles) - Ottoman in 1336 Kadiburhaneddin Menguc Menteshe - Ottoman in 1390 Osmanoglu ( Ottomans ) - original seat at Bursa (Brussa) Pervane Ramazan Sahipata Saltuk Saruhan - Ottoman in 1390 ? Ghasi tschelebi (south western Black Sea coast from Amastris to Sinop e) ? Isefendjar Ogullary ? Tekke (with Attalia) - Ottoman in 1390<
ART In spite of their limited sources and the political climate of their era, art during the Anatolian beyliks flourished, probably building the basis for Ottoman Art . Although the artistic style of the Anatolian beyliks can be considered as representatives of a transition period between Seljuks and Ottomans, new trends were also acquired. Especially wandering traditional Crafts artists and Architect s helped spread these new trends and localized styles to several beyliks across Anatolia, which resulted in innovative and original works particularly in Architecture . Wood and stone carving, clay Tiles and other similar decorative arts of the Seljuks were still used, however with the influence of the pursuit for new spaces and its reflections in other arts as well. Some representative examples of the Anatolian beyliks' architecture are ''İlyas Mosque '' at Balat (Milet) (1404), '' İsabey Mosque '' at Selçuk (1375), ''Ulucami Mosque'' at Birgi (1312) built by the Aydın beylik. The above mosques, although being successors of Seljuk architecture, differ greatly in the increase of decorations in the interior and exterior spaces and the different placement of the Courtyard s and Minaret s. Karaman beylik also left noteworthy architectural works, such as ''Ulucami Mosque'' in Ermenek (1302), ''Hatuniye Madrassa '' in Karaman (1382), ''Akmedrese Madrassa'' in Niğde (1409), all of which respect a new Style that considers and incorporates the exterior surroundings also. One of the first examples of the Anatolian beylik architecture hinting at the forming of the Ottoman Architecture that aims at uniting the interior space beneath one big Dome and forming a Monument al architectural structure is ''Ulucami Mosque'' in Manisa (1374) built by the Saruhan beylik. Also worth noting is the increase in constructions of madrassas that points at the beyliks' attaching greater importance to sciences. SEE ALSO REFERENCES
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