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Alexander Shulgin




  • family of which 2C-T-2 , 2C-T-7 , 2C-I , and 2C-B are most well known. Additionally, Shulgin performed seminal work into the descriptive synthesis of compounds based on the organic compound Tryptamine .


After his creation of a series of successful (and profitable) patents for Dow Chemical , Shulgin left Dow to pursue his own interests, and became a private consultant, also frequently teaching graduate classes in the local universities. Through his friend Bob Sager, head of the DEA 's Western Laboratories, Shulgin formed a relationship with the DEA and began holding pharmacology seminars for the agents, supplying the DEA with samples of various compounds, and occasionally serving as an expert witness in court; he also authored a definitive law enforcement reference book on controlled substances and received several awards from the DEA.

Through this work, he obtained a DEA Schedule I license, allowing him to posess and synthesize any otherwise illicit drug. Shulgin set up a chemical synthesis laboratory in a small building behind his house, which gave him a great deal of career autonomy. Shulgin used this freedom to synthesize and test the effects of Psychoactive Drug s. After judicious self-experiments, he enlisted a small group of friends with whom he regularly tested his creations. They had a systematic way of ranking the effects of the various drugs, known as the Shulgin Rating Scale , with a vocabulary to describe the visual, auditory and physical sensations. He personally tested hundreds of drugs, mainly analogues of various Phenethylamine s (family containing MDMA , and Mescaline ), and Tryptamine s (family containing DMT and Psilocybin ). There are a seemingly infinite number of slight chemical variations, all of which produce variations in effect--some pleasant and some unpleasant--and all of which are meticulously recorded in Shulgin's books.

Two years after the publication of ''PiHKAL'', the DEA raided his lab; finding problems with his record keeping, the DEA requested that Shulgin turn over his license for violating the license's terms. Two earlier, unnanounced reviews during the over 15 years in which Shulgin held his license, both before the publication of ''PiHKAL'', had failed to find any irregularities. Richard Meyer, spokesman for DEA's San Francisco Field Division, has stated that "It is our opinion that those books are pretty much cookbooks on how to make illegal drugs. Agents tell me that in clandestine labs that they have raided, they have found copies of those books," suggesting that the publication of ''PiHKAL'' and the termination of Shulgin's license are not unrelated.

Some of the more interesting chemicals mentioned in Shulgin's books include DiPT ( Diisopropyltryptamine ), which appears to almost exclusively affect the sense of hearing. Perceived frequencies of sounds are shifted down nonlinearly (as opposed to each pitch shifting the same amount), which indicates that the drug might affect cortical processing areas rather than the ear itself.

He currently works at home in Lafayette , CA , and is writing a new comprehensive psychedelic drug index.


BIBLIOGRAPHY


Books

  • with Wendy Perry. ''The Simple Plant Isoquinolines''. Berkeley: Transform Press, 2002. 0963009621

  • with Ann Shulgin. "A New Vocabulary". In Robert Forte (ed.), ''Entheogens and the Future of Religion'', Berkeley: Council on Spiritual Practices, 1997. 1889725013

  • with Ann Shulgin. ''''. Berkeley: Transform Press, 1997. 0963009699

  • with Ann Shulgin. ''''. Berkeley: Transform Press, 1991. 0963009605

  • ''Controlled Substances: Chemical & Legal Guide to Federal Drug Laws'', Berkeley: Ronin Publishing, 1988. 091417150X



Other notable publications

  • 1963. "Psychotomimetic agents related to mescaline". Experientia 19: 127. 19

  • 1963. "Composition of the myristicin fraction from oil of nutmeg". Nature 197: 379. 20

  • 1963. "Concerning the pharmacology of nutmeg". Mind 1: 299-302. 23

  • 1964. "3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxy amphetamine, a new psychotomimetic agent". Nature 201: 1120-1121. 29

  • 1964. "Psychotomimetic amphetamines: methoxy 3,4-dialkoxyamphetamines". Experientia 20: 366. 30

  • 1964. with H. O. Kerlinger. "Isolation of methoxyeugenol and trans-isoelemicin from oil of nutmeg". Naturwissenschaften 15: 360-361. 31

  • 1965. "Synthesis of the trimethoxyphenylpropenes". Can. J. Chem. 43: 3437-3440. 43

  • 1966. "Possible implication of myristicin as a psychotropic substance". Nature 210: 380-384. 45

  • 1966. "The six trimethoxyphenylisopropylamines (trimethoxyamphetamines)". J. Med. Chem. 9: 445-446. 46

  • 1966. with T. Sargent, and C. Naranjo. "Role of 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamin in schizophrenia". Nature 212: 1606-1607. 48

  • 1967. with T. Sargent, and C. Naranjo. "The chemistry and psychopharmacology of nutmeg and of several related phenylisopropylamines". In D. H. Efron {Link without Title} : Ethnopharmacologic search for psychoactive drugs. U. S. Dept. of H. E. W., Public Health Service Publication No. 1645. Pp. 202-214. Discussion: ibid. pp. 223-229. 49

  • 1967. with T. Sargent. "Psychotropic phenylisopropylamines derived from apiole and dillapiole". Nature 215: 1494-1495. 50

  • 1967. with Sargent, T. W., D. M. Israelstam, S. A. Landaw, and N. N. Finley. "A note concerning the fate of the 4-methoxyl group in 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (DMPEA)". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 29: 126-130. 52

  • 1967. with Naranjo, C. and T. Sargent. "Evaluation of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) as an adjunct to psychotherapy". Med. Pharmacol. Exp. 17: 359-364. 53

  • 1968. "The ethyl homologs of 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenylisopropylamine". J. Med. Chem. 11: 186-187. 54

  • 1969. with T. Sargent and C. Naranjo. "Structure activity relationships of one-ring psychotomimetics". Nature 221: 537-541. 57

  • 1969. "Recent developments in cannabis chemistry". J. Psyched. Drugs 2: 15-29. 58

  • 1969. "Psychotomimetic agents related to the catecholamines". J. Psyched. Drugs 2(2): 12-26. 59

  • 1970. "Chemistry and structure-activity relationships of the psychotomimetics". In D. H. Efron {Link without Title} . "Psychotomimetic Drugs". Raven Press, New York. Pp. 21-41. 60

  • 1970. "The mode of action of psychotomimetic drugs; some qualitative properties of the psychotomimetics". Neur. Res. Prog. Bull. 8: 72-78. 61

  • 1970. "4-alkyl-dialkoxy-alpha-methyl-phenethylamines and their pharmacologically-acceptable salts". U. S. Patent 3,547,999, issued Dec. 15, 1970. 63

  • 1971. with T. Sargent and C. Naranjo. "4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine, a new centrally active amphetamine analog". Pharmacology 5: 103-107. 64

  • 1971. "Chemistry and sources". In S. S. Epstein {Link without Title} . "Drugs of abuse: their genetic and other chronic nonpsychiatric hazards". The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. Pp 3-26. 65

  • 1971. "Preliminary studies of the synthesis of nitrogen analogs of Delta1-THC". Acta Pharm. Suec. 8: 680-681. 66

  • 1972. "Hallucinogens, CNS stimulants, and cannabis. In S. J. Mulé and H. Brill {Link without Title} : Chemical and biological aspects of drug dependence". CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio. Pp. 163-175. 67

  • 1973. "Stereospecific requirements for hallucinogenesis". J. Pharm. Pharmac. 25: 271-272. 68

  • 1973. "Mescaline: the chemistry and pharmacology of its analogs". Lloydia 36: 46-58. 69

  • 1973. "The narcotic pepper - the chemistry and pharmacology of Piper methysticum and related species". Bull. Narc. 25: 59-1974. "Le poivre stupéfiant - chemie et pharmacologie du Piper methysticum et des espéces apparentées". Bull. Stupéfiants 25: 61-77. 70

  • 1973. with T. Sargent and C. Naranjo. "Animal pharmacology and human psychopharmacology of 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenylisopropylamine (MMDA)". Pharmacology 10: 12-18. 71

  • 1974. with Kalbhen, D. A., T. Sargent, G. Braun, H. Stauffer, N. Kusubov, and M. L. Nohr. "Human pharmacodynamics of the psychodysleptic 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine labelled with {Link without Title} Br". IRCS (Int. Res. Comm. Sys.) 2: 1091. 73

  • 1975. with Sargent, T., D. A. Kalbhen, H. Stauffer, and N. Kusubov. "A potential new brain-scanning agent: 4- {Link without Title} Br-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine (4-Br-DPIA)". J. Nucl. Med. 16: 243-245. 74

  • 1975. with M. F. Carter. "Centrally active phenethylamines". Psychopharm. Commun. 1: 93-98. 75

  • 1975. with Sargent, T., D. A. Kalbhen, G. Braun, H. Stauffer, and N. Kusubov. "In vivo human pharmacodynamics of the psychodysleptic 4-Br-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine labelled with or [77 Br". Neuropharmacology 14: 165-174. 76

  • 1975. "The chemical catalysis of altered states of consciousness. Altered states of consciousness, current views and research problems". The drug abuse council, Washington, D. C. Pp. 123-134. 77

  • 1975. "Drug use and anti-drug legislation". The PharmChem Newsletter 4 (#8). 79

  • 1975. with D. C. Dyer. "Psychotomimetic phenylisopropylamines. 5. 4-alkyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamines". J. Med. Chem. 18: 1201-1204. 80

  • 1975. with C. Helisten. "Differentiation of PCP, TCP, and a contaminating precursor PCC, by thin layer chromatography". Microgram 8: 171-172. 81

  • 1975. with Helisten, C. "The detection of 1-piperidinodydlohexanecarbonitrile contamination in illicit preparations of 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine and 1-(1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine". J. Chrom. 117: 232-235. 82

  • 1976. "Psychotomimetic agents". In M. Gordon {Link without Title} "Psychopharmacological agents", Vol. 4. Academic Press, New York. Pp. 59-146. 83

  • 1976. "Abuse of the term 'amphetamines'". Clin. Tox. 9: 351-352. 84

  • 1976. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 1. DMT". J. Psychedelic Drugs 8: 167-168. 85

  • 1976. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 2. TMA-2". J. Psychedelic Drugs 8: 169. 86

  • 1976. with D. E. MacLean. "Illicit synthesis of phencyclidine (PCP) and several of its analogs". Clin. Tox. 9: 553-560. 87

  • 1976. with Nichols, D. E. "Sulfur analogs of psychotomimetic amines". J. Pharm. Sci. 65: 1554-1556. 89

  • 1976. with Sargent, T. and N. Kusubov. "Quantitative measurement of demethylation of {Link without Title} C-methoxyl labeled DMPEA and TMA-2 in rats". Psychopharm. Commun. 2: 199-206. 90

  • 1976. with Standridge, R. T., H. G. Howell, J. A. Gylys, R. A. Partyka. "Phenylalkylamines with potential psychotherapeutic utility. 1. 2-amino-1-(2,5,-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)butane". J. Med. Chem. 19: 1400-1404. 91

  • 1976. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 3. MMDA". J. Psychedelic Drugs 8: 331. 92

  • 1977. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 4. Harmaline". J. Psychedelic Drugs 9: 79-80. 93

  • 1977. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 5. STP". J. Psychedelic Drugs 9: 171-172. 94

  • 1977. with Nichols, D. E., and D. C. Dyer. "Directional lipophilic character in a series of psychotomimetic phenethylamine derivatives". Life Sciences 21: 569-576. 95

  • 1977. with Jacob, P. III, G. Anderson III, C. K. Meshul, and N. Castagnoli Jr. "Mononethylthio analogues of 1-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)2-aminopropane". J. Med. Chem. 20: 1235-1239. 96



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