| Afghan Parliamentary Election, 2005 |
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Afghanistan held parliamentary and provincial council elections on 18 September 2005 . On 9 October the first results were declared. Final results were delayed by accusations of fraud, and were finally announced on 12 November . RESULTS Former warlords and their followers gained the majority of seats in both the lower house and the provincial council (which elects the members of the upper house). Women won 28% of the seats in the lower house, 6 more than the 25% guaranteed in the 2004 Constitution. TURNOUT Turnout was estimated at about 50 %, substantially lower than at the Presidential Election in October 2004 . This is blamed on the lack of identifiable party lists as a result of Afghanistan's new electoral law, which left voters in many cases unclear on who they were voting for. Turnout was highest in the Turkmen , Uzbek and Tajik ethnic minority provinces in the north - generally over 60 % - and lowest (below 30 %) in some of the Pashtun -speaking south-eastern areas where the Taliban insurgency is strongest. Turnout was also surprisingly low (34 %) in the capital, Kabul . ELECTORAL SYSTEM Approximately twelve million voters were eligible to vote for the 249-seat . Another source of criticism is the use of the Single, Non-transferable Vote in multi-member constituencies, particularly in the absence of party lists. In other words, each province elects a number of members, but each voter can vote for only one candidate. This runs the risk of fragmenting the vote to the point where candidates can be elected virtually by chance. Early returns confirm this fear. For example, in Farah Province, one of the first provinces to declare its results , 46 candidates competed for five seats. No candidate polled more than 11 %, and four of the five elected candidates polled less than 8 %. This creates the risk of a legislature in which the majority of members have little or no legitimacy. Because a sizable percentage of the Afghan population is unable to read and write, all candidates had an icon as well. Those icons were included on the lists. These included, but were not limited to, pictures of parliament candidate list). For example, the candidate list for the Nurestan section of the parliament looks like this . Candidates were not able to chose the icons themselves: instead, the electoral committee chose them. Forty-five candidates were refused because of connections with armed groups or for not giving up their government jobs. People vote for a candidate in their own Province . Each province has a number of representatives in parliament, depending on the population. The largest province by population, Kabul , has 33 seats (390 candidates, 50 female, 340 male), whereas the small ones like Nurestan , Nimruz and Panjshir , have only two. The total number of candidates for the provincial councils is 3,025. Each province except Oruzgan had women running for seats in the provincial council. Female candidates are running for parliament in all districts. District council elections, originally also scheduled for this date, will not be held in 2005 (district numbers, boundaries and population figures have to be determined first). These were the first , parliamentary elections were organized in 2005. Originally, according to the 2001 Bonn Agreement , the elections were to be held in June 2004 . However, due to the security situation, Hamid Karzai , then Interim President (now President ) of Afghanistan, moved the elections more than a year to the later date. Security is still an issue, as Taliban and others threatened to disrupt the elections violently. Several candidates were killed before polling. A quarter of the seats - 68 seats - in the parliament are reserved for women, as well as 10 seats for the , the upper house, are indirectly elected by the provincial councils. SOURCES AND FURTHER READING
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