(, ) (where ATI is an
Initialism for '''Array Technologies Incorporated''') is a
Canadian major supplier of
Graphics Card s,
Graphics Chip s and
Graphics Processing Unit s for
Personal Computer s. Founded in
1985 , ATI's headquarters is located in
Markham, Ontario ,
Canada .
As a fabless high-tech company, ATI conducts research & development of chips in-house, but subcontracts the actual (silicon) manufacturing and graphics-card assembly to third-parties. The production-chain of a chip involves multiple third-parties: the foundry (
UMC and
TSMC ) makes processor wafers, the test-house tests the dies for defects and sorts them based on performance-characterization and the packager seals individual dies in a hardened case. In terms of inventory management, ATI must place foundry orders months in advance of their planned sale, then hold the produced chips in a warehouse until final delivery. The long lead time between order and delivery, combined with market uncertainty, leads to occasional supply/demand imbalances.
Founded by three China-born immigrants, K.Y. Ho, Benny Lau, Lee Lau, and Dutch born Adrian Hartog, ATI began as an
OEM , producing integrated graphics chips for large PC manufacturers like
IBM . However, by 1987 it had evolved into an independent graphics card retailer, marketing the EGA Wonder and VGA Wonder graphics cards under its own ATI moniker.
In
1997 ATI acquired
Tseng Labs 's graphics assets, which included 40 new
Engineer s. In
2000 , ATI acquired
ArtX , the company that engineered the "Flipper the dolphin" graphics chip used in the
Nintendo GameCube games console. They have also entered an agreement with Nintendo to create the chip for the successor of the
GameCube , named
Wii . ATI was contracted by
Microsoft to create the graphics chip for
Microsoft Xbox 360 . Later in
2005 , ATI acquired Terayon's Cable Modem Silicon Intellectual Property cementing their lead in the consumer digital television market (
press release ).
Its current President and CEO is David E. Orton (formerly of ArtX). K.Y. Ho remained as Chairman of the Board until he retired on November 22nd, 2005.
In addition to developing high-end
GPU s (''graphics processing unit'', something ATI calls VPU, ''visual processing unit'') for PCs, ATI also designs embedded versions for laptops (called "Mobility Radeon"),
PDA s and
Mobile Phone s ("Imageon"), integrated motherboards ("Radeon IGP"),
Set-top Box es ("Xilleon") and other technology-based market segments. Thanks to this diverse portfolio, ATI has been traditionally the dominant player in the OEM and multimedia markets.
Currently ATI is the main competitor of
NVIDIA . As of
2004 , ATI's flagship product line is the
Radeon series of graphics cards which directly compete with those boards using
NVidia 's
GeForce graphics chips. As of the 3rd quarter of 2004, ATI represented 59% of the discrete graphic card market, while its primary competitor
NVIDIA represented only 37%, but the two commonly trade market share majority, for example 2nd quarter had
NVIDIA at 50% and ATI at 46%.
As of 2005, ATI has announced that a deal has been struck with
CPU and
Motherboard manufacturer particularly to
Asus and
Intel to create onboard 3D Graphics solutions for
Intel 's new range of motherboards that will be released with their new range of
Intel Pentium M based desktop processors. This ATI solution will effectively end
Intel 's range of entry-level desktop integrated graphics. However, high-end boards with integrated graphics will still use
Intel IGP s (integrated graphics processor).
''This list is incomplete. Major product families are shown below:''
- - IBM "EGA/VGA-compatible" display adapters ( 1987 )
- - ATI's first "Windows Accelerator" ( IBM 8514/A clone) ( 1991 )
- - VGA-compatible enhanced feature-set accelerator (32bit "true-color" acceleration) ( 1992 )
- - One of the first chips with "motion-video" acceleration (hardware bitmap zoom, YUV->RGB color-conversion) ( 1994 )
- - Included ATI's first 3D accelerator. The series evolved from rudimentary 3D with 2D GUI acceleration and MPEG1 capability, to a highly competitive Direct3D 6 accelerator with then "best-in-class" DVD ( MPEG2 ) acceleration. The various chips were very popular with OEMs of the time. (1995-2004)
- --- - Designed for use in low-power environments, such as notebooks. These chips were highly similar to their desktop counterparts, but had additions such as advanced power management, LCD interfaces, and dual monitor functionality.
- - Launched in 2000 , this was the mainstream ATI 3D gaming consumer card. ATI often produced 'Pro' versions with higher clock speeds, and sometimes an extreme 'XT' version, and even more recently 'XT Platinum Edition (PE) and XTX' versions. The Radeon series was the basis for many "All-In-Wonder" boards.
- --- - A series of power-optimized versions of Radeon graphics chips for use in laptops. ATI has traditionally been the major player in this field, while introducing innovations such as modularized RAM chips, DVD acceleration, and "POWERPLAY" power management technology.
- --- - This technology was ATI's response to NVIDIA 's SLI platform. It allowed, by using a secondary video card and a dual PCI-E motherboard based on either ATI's new RD480 or RD400 chipsets, the ability to combine the power of the two video cards to increase performance through a variety of different rendering options.
- - Launched in 2001, following ATI's acquisition of FireGL Graphics. Workstation CAD/CAM video card, based on the Radeon series.
- - The Nintendo Gamecube contains a 3D accelerator developed by ''ArtX, Inc'', a company acquired by ATI towards the end of development of the GPU. Flipper is similar in capability to a Direct3D 7 accelerator chip. It consists of 4 rendering pipelines, with hardware T&L , and some limited pixel shader support. Innovatively the chip has 3 MiB of embedded 1T-SRAM for use as ultra-fast low-latency (6.2 Ns ) texture and Framebuffer / Z-buffer storage allowing 10.4 GB /second bandwidth (extremely fast for the time). Flipper was designed by members of the Nintendo 64 Reality Coprocessor team who moved from SGI. Analysis
- - Microsoft 's Xbox 360 video game console contains a custom graphics chip produced by ATI, known as "R500", "C1", or more often as ''Xenos''. Gauging the performance and feature set of the ATI Xbox 360 graphics core is difficult as there is no direct parallel between the PC part roadmap and the console chip design. As the ATI Xbox 360 GPU is custom-built from the ground up to be used in a console, the chip features may or may not be used (or useful) in future PC parts. Some of these features include “Intelligent Memory” – a section of on-die memory that has logic built in (192 parallel pixel processors) to do features like anti-aliasing, thereby giving developers 4-sample anti-aliasing at very little performance cost. Another feature of the ATI Xbox 360 GPU is the “True Unified Shader Architecture” which dynamically load balances pixel and vertex processing amongst a bank of identically capable processing units. This differs greatly from contemporary PC graphics chips that have separate banks of processors designed for their individual task (vertex/pixel). Analysis
- - resolution. The GPU may be extremely similar to the Flipper in functionality, but this is uncertain at this time.
- - Introduced in 2002 to bring integrated 3D Graphics to handhelds, cellphones and Tablet PCs. Current product is the Imageon 2300 which includes 3D engine, MPEG-4 video decoder, JPEG encoding/decoding, and a 2 Megapixel camera sub-system processing engine with support for 2 MiB of ultra low-power SDRAM .
Early north bridge parts produced by ATI included the Radeon 320, 340 and 7000. Typically these were partnered with a south bridge chip from ALI. They sold in respectable volumes, but never gained enthusiast support.
In 2003 ATI released the
9100 IGP , with IXP250 southbridge. It was notable for being ATI's first complete motherboard chipset, including an ATI southbridge, admittedly light on features, but stable and functional. It included an updated Direct-X 8.1 class version of the 8500 core for the integrated graphics, based upon the 9100. Internally, ATI considered it one of their most important product launches.
The RADEON XPRESS 200/200P is ATI's
PCI Express -based
Athlon 64 and
Pentium 4 Motherboard chipset. The
Chipset supports
SATA as well as integrated graphics with
DirectX 9.0 support, the first integrated graphics chipset to do so. Technically, the XPRESS 1600/200 IGP is based on the X300 core. Integrated into the north bridge, two
Pixel Pipeline s operate at a core speed of up to 350
MHz , and each one has a single texturing unit.
In 2006, ATI Released the RADEON XPRESS 3200, a true Crossfire solution. Where the XPRESS 200 (2x PCIe x8 or 1xPCIe x16) is not designed specifically for Crossfire, the XPRESS 3200 (2x PCIe x16) is.
XPRESS 200 was later renamed to XPRESS 1600
ATI currently provides proprietary drivers for
Microsoft Windows XP , and
Mac OS X , and
Linux . Linux users have the option of both the proprietary (R200 and above) and open source (R480 and below) drivers. More details can be found on the
Radeon page.
ATI was founded in
1985 , and in order to survive, initially ended up shipping a lot of basic 2D graphics chips to companies such as
Commodore . The EGA Wonder and VGA Wonder families were released to the PC market in 1987. Each offered enhanced feature sets surpassing IBM's own (
EGA and
VGA ) display adapters. May of
1991 saw the release of the Mach8 product, ATI's first "
Windows accelerator" product. Windows accelerators offloaded display-processing tasks which had been performed by the
CPU . (In fact, the Mach8 was feature-enhanced
IBM 8514/A-compatible board.)
1992 saw the release of the Mach32
Chipset , an evolutionary improvement over its predecessor.
But it was probably the Mach64 in
1994 , powering the Graphics Xpression and Graphics Pro Turbo, that was ATI's first recognizably modern media chipset. Notably, the Mach64 chipset offered hardware support for YUV-to-RGB color space conversion, in addition to hardware zoom. This effectively meant basic AVI and
MPEG-1 playback became possible on PCs without the need for expensive specialized decoding hardware. Later, the Mach64-VT allowed for scaling to be offloaded from the
CPU . ImpacTV in 1996 went further with 800x600 VGA-to-TV encoding. ATI priced the product at a point where the user effectively got a 3D accelerator for free.
ATI’s first integrated TV tuner products shipped in
1996 , recognizable as the modern All-in-Wonder specification. These featured 3D acceleration powered by ATI's second generation 3D Rage II, 64-bit 2D performance, TV-quality video acceleration, video capture, TV tuner functionality, flicker-free TV-out and stereo TV audio.
However, while ATI had established a reputation for quality multimedia-capable cards popular with
OEM s, by the late 1990s consumers began to also expect strong 3D performance, and
3dfx and
NVIDIA were delivering. The first warning was seen with in January
1999 with the All-in-Wonder 128, featuring the Rage 128 GL graphics chip. While the basic 16
MiB version sold reasonably well, the improved but delayed 32
MiB version did not, because it lacked 3D acceleration appropriate for its price point. It became clear that if ATI was to survive, the company would have to develop integrated 3D acceleration competitive with the products
NVIDIA was designing.
ATI’s first real 3D chip was the 3D Rage II. The chip supported bilinear and trilinear filtering, z-buffer, and several Direct3D texture blend modes. But the pixel fillrate looked good only next to
S3 ’s VIRGE cards, which were of very poor quality for the time, and the feature list looked good only next to the
Workstation type
Matrox Mystique.
The 3D Rage Pro, released in 1997, offered an improved fill rate equal to the original
3dfx Voodoo Graphics, and a proper 1.2 M triangle/s hardware setup engine. Single-pass trilinear filtering combined with a complete texture blending implementation. The Rage Pro sold in volume to
OEM s due to its
DVD performance and low cost, but was held back by poor drivers. It was only in 1999, almost two years after the original launch, the
Driver s finally achieved their potential, delivering a 20-40% gain over the originals. Subsequently ATI learned to better prioritise driver development.
Work on the next-generation 128 GL was helped by the acquisition of the Tseng development team in
1997 . Designed to compete with the
RIVA TNT and Voodoo2, it was notable for its advanced memory architecture which allowed the Rage128 to run in 32-bit color modes with minimal performance losses. Unfortunately, at the time most games ran in 16-bit color modes, where
NVIDIA 's parts excelled.
The alternative to the market leaders, with outstanding
DVD performance, attractive when priced low enough.
The part was updated in April
1999 with the Rage 128 Pro, featuring anisotropic filtering, a better triangle setup engine, and a higher clock rate. The Rage 128 Pro's
MPEG-2 acceleration was far ahead of its time, allowing realtime MP@HL (1920x1080) playback on a Pentium III 600 MHz. ATI also ran an experimental project called "Project Aurora," marketed as the MAXX technology, consisting of dual Rage 128 Pro chips running in parallel, with each chip rendering alternate frames. Because the MAXX required double the memory, suffered from buggy drivers, and failed to deliver knockout performance, it was not a successful launch. As a result, ATI discontinued multiple chip development for mainstream products.
By this point the pattern seemed clear: ATI were good at producing low-end OEM-friendly parts with good 2D features, DVD acceleration, and rounded 3D feature sets. What they had failed to do was challenge effectively at the high end of the market. So, at the Game Developer's Conference in March
2000 , developers were curious but generally somewhat skeptical about a new claimed sixth-generation graphics chip. This was a period when companies often announced products that they failed to deliver on time, or on spec. However, ATI subsequently demonstrated beta silicon behind closed doors at GDC, and named the product the Radeon 256.
Finally released in
2000 , the original
Radeon core (R100). ATI's new video card based on this core was originally named the Radeon 64 VIVO to emphasize its 64 MiB of DDR memory and video features, but was eventually renamed the Radeon 7200, reflecting its DirectX 7-compliant feature set. The R100 core established a number of notable firsts, such as a complete DX7 bump-mapping implementation (emboss, dot product 3, and EMiBM), hardware 3D shadows, hardware per-pixel video-
Deinterlacing , and a reasonable implementation of many advanced DX8
Pixel shader effects. Unfortunately, ATI used a 2 pixel pipeline design for the R100 with three raster units per pixel pipeline.
NVIDIA 's competing GeForce 2 chips had a four pipe design with two raster units per pipeline. Very few 3D applications at the time utilized more than two textures per pixel, and thus the third raster units in the Radeon were seldom utilized.
ATI proved the original
Radeon had not been a one-off by following up with the second generation Radeon (R200) core in
2001 , marketed as the Radeon 8500. The R200 raster pipeline arrangement matched the design of the
NVIDIA 's
GeForce 2 series with four pipelines with two raster units per pipeline. Ati was shooting for 300 MHz core speed for the new 8500, but was unable to reach it. In fact, ATI retail boxes and literature describe the texture fillrate of the 8500 at the 300 MHz speed (2.4 GTexel/s), but the cards were only shipped at 275 MHz speed.
NVIDIA quickly released GeForce cards with faster clock speeds.
NVIDIA 's top GeForce 4 Ti cards delivered greater raw power in terms of fill rates, but ATI started to open up a clear quality and shader performance advantage. In fact, many new games in 2005 still supported the DirectX pixel shader 1.4 of the R200, but not the less capable pixel shader 1.3 units of
NVIDIA 's latter released
GeForce 4 chips
During this period ATI also began to sell their core chip technology to third-party "Powered by ATI" board manufacturers, directly competing with
NVIDIA ’s business model. This change suddenly put
NVIDIA on the back foot for the first time since the ill-fated
NV1 project, to the amazement of the entire industry. Alongside the
Radeon 8500 ATI released a die shrink version (RV200) of the original R100 core which was released as the Radeon 7500. This chip had an extremely fast core clockspeed for the time of 290 MHz with all the features of the original
Radeon . ATI also sold a single pipeline version of the original Radeon as the Radeon 7000. Left over R100 chips were sold to third-party video card manufacturers and marketed as the Radeon 7200.
The
Radeon 8500 proved popular with OEMs, partly because it offered wider motherboard compatibility than
NVIDIA 's offerings of the period. Driver support continued to be an area of weakness for ATI, although over time this was considerably improved. The 8500 finally established ATI as a serious performance and feature integrated chipset competitor to
NVIDIA , in a period when other
Graphics Card companies such as
3dfx were going out of business. ATI introduced their branded "Catalyst" driver suite, which addressed many of the quality, compatibility, and performance concerns raised about previous driver releases.
The
Radeon 64 VIVO and Radeon 8500 cards were warning shots for
NVIDIA , demonstrating they could not take for granted their dominant market position. 2002 proved to be the decisive year for ATI, with an unexpected introduction of a new
Radeon architecture. The third generation Radeon was designed from the ground up for
DirectX 9 operation, the
Radeon 9700 (R300) turned out to be one of the most innovative
Graphics Card s ever released. Furthermore, ATI beat
NVIDIA ’s DirectX 9 chip to market by several months. The R300 featured twice the pixel shading capability of any existing video chip, but there were no games at the time of its launch which could take advantage of those capabilities.
The main performance advantage of the Radeon 9700 Pro was its 256bit wide memory interface. All previous top of the line video cards since the TNT and Rage 128 had relied on a 128bit memory interface. The raster capabilities of the Radeon 9700 were not much beyond those of the fastest GeForce 4 or even ATI's own Radeon 8500, but its memory bandwidth far exceeded either of those cards. In fact,
NVIDIA 's decision to use a 128 bit wide memory bus for its GeForce FX 5800 would prove fatal to its performance potential.
From then onwards, the challenge for ATI became holding onto their high-end advantage, while filtering their technology down to the mid and low end of the market, where the greatest volume sales are made. ATI decided to sell crippled R300 cores as a midrange product which it called the Radeon 9500. ATI's own Radeon 9500 Pro card was a R300 core with a 128 bit memory bus running at 275 MHz. This card proved to be just as fast as the fastest GeForce 4 cards and considerably faster than those cards in DirectX 9 applications.
The release of the R300 brought a great deal of interest in ATI from third party manufacturers. To meet the demand for new mid-range cards ATI even allowed manufacturers to sell some Radeon 9700 cards with half their pipelines disabled as Radeon 9500 cards. These differed from the 9500 Pro cards in that they had a 256 bit memory bus, however with only 4 working pipelines their performance was severely crippled. Soon hardware enthusiasts discovered that it was possible and rather easy to unlock the crippled pipelines on these discounted cards. Eventually, the only thing required to turn these inexpensive Radeon 9500's into full Radeon 9700's was a hacked software driver.
For the low end, ATI released a new value chip (RV250) based on the
Radeon R200 core with half the raster units per pipeline. This raster arrangement actually matched the original GeForce design, but the Radeon 9000 also had the same shader processing power and features as the 8500. This DirectX 8.1 capable part competed with
NVIDIA 's two pipeline, DirectX 7
GeForce 4 MX. Despite having half the fillrate of the Radeon 8500, the Radeon 9000 had very similar performance. ATI also allowed third party manufacturers to continue selling the original R200 cores as Radeon 9100's to reflect the slight performance advantage of the extra raster units. However, the situation was soon confused when the AGP 3.0 refresh of the RV280 was named the Radeon 9200 and when ATI named its new two pipeline integrated chipset the Radeon 9100 IGP.
ATI refreshed the 9700 to the 9800 Pro (R350) in
2003 , featuring a small and relatively quiet cooling solution. The 9800 went on to become one of the most popular and best selling enthusiast cards to date. In the midrange market, the 9600 (RV350) was introduced with half the number of pixel pipelines of the 9800 Pro. Adding to the model naming confusion, this card was generally inferior in performance to the Radeon 9500 Pro (R300), but it was cool running. In fact, the Radeon 9600 was inferior in performance to outdated Radeon 8500 (R200) and GeForce 4 series cards, but it did fully support SM2.0 (DirectX 9), unlike the older cards.
In
2004 , ATI released the RADEON XPRESS 200 motherboard chipset, intended as a direct competitor to the more established nForce motherboard brand of chipsets from arch rival
NVIDIA . The 9700 core trickled down into the low end market in the form of a cost-reduced 9600, the 9550, which was fabbed on 0.11u. Even at its core-clock of 250 MHz, the 9550 quickly overtook
NVIDIA 's 5200 as the favorite entry-level discrete OEM card. As a result, almost unnoticed, ATI completed one of the most surprising turnarounds in recent chip history.
According to data from Mercury Research, ATI Technologies' market share rose 4% to 27% in the Q3
2004 , while
NVIDIA 's share dropped 8% to 15% from 23%.
Intel 's market share rose 1% to 39% in the Q3 2004, holding on to the market number 1 position, although Intel only ships low performance integrated solutions.
In
2005 , ATI began shipping the x800 XL PCI-E card, a 110 nm shrink of the x800 core (which originally shipped on a 130 nm low-K process.) This brought 16-pipeline cards closer to the mainstream. The x850 range marks the end of the old 9700 feature set/core as ATI's performance platform. The omission of SM 3.0 and FP32 permitted a more compact
Die size, allowing ATI to price the X800XL lower than comparable NVidia products.
The long-awaited Radeon X1000 series was ATI's first major architectural advancement since the 9700 series. The high end managed to maintain parity with the
NVIDIA GeForce 7800 GTX. ATI retained slightly greater market share, though margins and profitability slumped.
In January 2006, ATI replaced the short-lived X1800 with the Radeon X1900XT and X1900XTX (R580). With 48 pixel shader units, R580 brought ATI's 3:1 pixel shader to pipeline ratio (first seen on the 12 shader Radeon X1600) to the desktop high end. This enabled ATI to regain the performance crown over the GeForce 7800 GTX 512 in the majority of situations and even against the later-released 7900GTX.
However, the R580's die-size suggests ATI's leadership came at a cost. The x1900 (R580) core contains roughly 384M transistors, in a die size of 352 mm2. NVidia's 7900 (G71) core contains roughly 278M transistors, in a die size of 196 mm2. As both devices are known to be manufactured on TSMC's 90nm low-K logic process, the raw wafer-cost of the R580 core is estimated to be twice as much as the
NVIDIA part. While the ATI part has a more flexible feature set, the difference in manufacturing cost points to ATI facing near term margin pressure.
In February 2006 allegations were made that ATI was shipping video cards advertised as "HDCP-ready," but which only contained support for
HDCP at the GPU level. The actual boards ATI was shipping did not contain HDCP support (and therefore not usable with applications requiring HDCP)
{Link without Title} .
