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American Psychological Association (APA) style is a widely accepted format for writing research papers, particularly for social science manuscripts and Theses . APA style specifies, for example, the names and order of headings, formatting and organization of Citations and References , and the arrangement of Tables , Figures , Footnote s, and Appendices . APA style officially refers to ''The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association'', a book of over 400 pages now in its fifth edition (ISBN 1-55798-791-2). It is published by the American Psychological Association , which is the main scholarly organization for academic Psychologists in the United States . A well-known alternative approach is The MLA Style Manual . WHY APA STYLE? Although adopting certain aspects of APA style may be resented by some authors, it is widely agreed that it serves a useful purpose. Uniform style across journals helps readers to navigate and access material more efficiently. Scholars who experience uncertainty when writing may find the ''Manual'' a useful guide. For example, the "political correctness" sections of the manual discourage authors from writing prose that is abusive to women and minorities. Scholarly journals that require APA style sometimes let their authors deviate from it when it would increase clarity. HEADINGS Following APA style, headings are used to organize articles and give them a hierarchical structure. APA style prescribes a specific format for headings (from one to five levels) within an article. They are referred to on page 113 of the 6th edition of the Publication Manual using the following level numbers:
According to APA style, if an article has:
No guidelines are provided for articles with six or more levels of headings. Note that APA style does not permit preceding numbers or letters for the headings. REFERENCE CITATIONS IN TEXT Reference citations in text are those which are referenced within a passage of text in the body of an article. APA style defines that a reference section may only include articles which are cited within the body of an article. This is the distinction between a document having a Reference section and a Bibliography which may incorporate sources which may have been read by the authors as background but not referred to or included in the body of a document. APA follows a number of rules for formatting in-line citations, the following is not an exhaustive list as it does not cover quotations, nor all scenarios that may arise when referring to an article or document. Hopefully, it is enough to get a feel for how it is used.
Social representations theory posits that reified scientific knowledge that exists at the boundaries of a given society, will be interpreted in meaningful and often simplified forms by the majority (Pauling, 2005). Alternatively Pauling (2005) posits that...
Social representations theory posits that reified scientific knowledge that exists at the boundaries of a given society will be interpreted in meaningful and often simplified forms by the majority (Pauling & Liu, 2005). Alternatively Pauling and Liu (2005) posit that...
''First Instance'' Social representations theory posits that reified scientific knowledge that exists at the boundaries of a given society, will be interpreted in meaningful and often simplified forms by the majority (Pauling, Liu & Guo, 2005). Alternatively... Pauling, Liu and Guo(2005) posit... ''Subsequent instances in the same document'' Pauling, et al. (2005) posit... Alternatively... (Pauling et al., 2005)
If an author has multiple publications which you wish to cite, you use a semi colon (;) to separate the years of publication in chronological order (oldest to most recent). If the publications occur in the same year, then you must denote this, using a suffix "a" or "b" is common (note you must also ensure that the "year field" in the reference section also contains the same suffix). For multiple authors, follow the same rules. ...majority (Pauling, 2004; 2005) Alternatively... Pauling (2004; 2005) suggests that...
Follow the rules above as for same author, using a semicolon to separate articles. Citation should first be in Alphabetical order of the Author, then chronological. ...majority (Alford, 1995; Pauling, 2004; 2005; Sirkis, 2003) REFERENCE LIST The APA style guide asserts that bibliographies and other lists of names should be ordered by surname first, and mandates inclusion of surname prefixes. For example, "Martin de Rijke" should be sorted as "de Rijke, M.". Book by One Author: Sherman, R. D. (1956). ''The terrifying future: Contemplating color television.'' San Diego: Halstead. Book by Two or More Authors: Kurosawa, J., & Armistead, Q. (1972). ''Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma.'' Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press. Article in an Edited Book: Stanz, R. F. (1983). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), ''Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application'' (pp. 42–64). Place: Publisher. Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination: Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Sarnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. ''Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54.'' 66–146. Article in a Journal Paginated Separately: Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? ''Canadian Change, 64''(7), 34–37. Article in a Monthly Magazine: Doe, J. (2001, May). My life as a grocery-store delivery boy. ''Hot & Steamy Letters'', pp.81–85+. Article in a Newspaper Wrong, M. (2005, August 17). Misquotes are "Problematastic" says Mayor. ''Toronto Sol.'' p.4. Government Document Revenue Canada. (2001) ''Advanced gouging: Manual for employees'' (MP 65–347/1124). Ottawa: Minister of Immigration and Revenue. Internet Article Based on a Print Source Marlowe, P., Spade, S., & Chan, C. (2001). Detective work and the benefits of colour versus black and white version . ''Journal of Pointless Research, 11,'' 123–124. Article in an Internet-only Journal Blofeld, H. V. (1994, March 1). Expressing oneself through persian cats and modern architecture. ''Felines & Felons, 4,'' Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from http://journals.f+f.org/spectre/vblofeld-0046g.html Article in an Internet-only Newsletter Paradise, S., Moriarty, D., Marx, C., Lee, O. B., Hassel, E., et al. (1957, July). Portrayals of fictional characters in reality-based popular writing: Project update. ''Off the beaten path,7''(3). Retrieved October 3, 1999, from http://www.newsletter.offthebeatenpath.news/otr/complaints.html Stand-alone Internet document, no author identified, no date ''What I did today.'' (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2002, from http://www.cc.mystory.life/blog/didtoday.html Document available on university program or department Web site Rogers, B. (2078). ''Faster-than-light travel: What we've learned in the first twenty years.'' Retrieved August 24, 2079, from Mars University, Institute for Martian Studies Web site: http://www.eg.spacecentraltoday.mars/university/dept.html Electronic copy of a journal article, three to five authors, retrieved from database Costanza, G., Seinfeld, J., Bennes, E., Kramer, C., & Peterman, J. (1993). Minutiæ and insignificant observations from the nineteen-nineties. ''Journal about Nothing, 52,'' 475–649. Retrieved October 31, 1999, from NoTHINGJournals database. E-mail or other personal communication (A. Monterey, personal communication, September 28, 2001). Book on CD Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr {Link without Title} . New York: Random House/Listening Library. Book on Tape Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr Recording No. 1999-1999-1999 . New York: Random House/Listening Library. SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS
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