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	m	4th millennium BC
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EVENTS

• Sumer ian city of Ur in Mesopotamia ( 40th Century BC ); Sumer ian hegemony in Mesopotamia , with the development of Writing around the same time as the Indus Valley Civilization, base-60 Mathematics , Astronomy and Astrology , Civil Law , complex Hydrology , the Sailboat , the Wheel , and the Potter's Wheel , 4000– 2000 BC .


• Naqada culture on the Nile , 4000– 3000 BC .


• Epoch of the modern Hebrew Calendar occurred on 7 October 3761 BC .


• Jewish chronology dates Creation to September 25 or March 29 3760 BC .


• First to Fourth dynasty of Kish in Mesopotamia .


• " and Maykop Culture , likely candidates for the Proto-Indo-Europeans , the latter also a candidate for the origin of the Bronze Age .


• Ötzi The Iceman dies near the present-day border between Austria and Italy c. 3300 BC , only to be discovered in 1991 buried in a Glacier of the Ötztal Alps . His Cause Of Death is believed to be Homicide .


• New Stone Age people in Ireland build the 250,000 ton Newgrange solar Observatory c. 3200 BC .


• The Maya Calendar dates the Creation of the Earth to August 11 or August 13 , 3114 BC (establishing that date as day zero of the Long Count 13.0.0.0.0).


• According to 3102 BC , the traditional death of Krishna .


• .


• Neolithic settlement built at Skara Brae in the Orkney Islands , Scotland .


• 3000 BC – Menes unifies Upper and Lower Egypt , and a new capital is erected at Memphis .


• Discovery of Silver .

CULTURES

• Indian Subcontinent


• --- Mehrgarh III–VI


• Mesopotamia in Asia


• --- Sumer


• --- Proto-Elamite


• Neolithic Europe


• --- Yamna


• --- Vinca Culture


• --- Minoan Civilization


• Egypt in Africa


• --- Naqada culture on the Nile

Environmental changes


Based on studies by Glaciologist Lonnie Thompson (professor at Ohio State University and researcher with the Byrd Polar Research Center ) {Link without Title} a number of indicators shows there were a global change in climate 5,200 years ago:

• The climate was altered suddenly with severe impacts.


• Plants buried in the Quelccaya ice cap in the Peruvian Andes demonstrate the climate had shifted suddenly and severely to capture the plants and preserve them until now.


• A man trapped in an Alpine glacier (" Oetzi ") is frozen until his discovery in 1991 .


• Tree rings from Ireland and England show this was their driest period.


• Ice core records showing the ratio of two oxygen isotopes retrieved from the ice fields atop Africa’s Mount Kilimanjaro , a proxy for atmospheric temperature at the time snow fell.


• Major changes in plant pollen uncovered from lakebed cores in South America.


• Record lowest levels of Methane retrieved from ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica .


• Beginning of desertification of Sahara ( 35th Century BC ). The shift by the Sahara Desert from a habitable region to a barren desert.

SIGNIFICANT PERSONS

• Ötzi The Iceman lived c. 3300 BC .


• predynastic Pharaoh s, Tiu , Thesh , Hsekiu , Wazner


• Early Dynastic Period pharaohs, Ro , Serket , Narmer

INVENTIONS, DISCOVERIES, INTRODUCTIONS

• Beginnings of Urbanisation in Mesopotamia with the Sumer ians.


• First cities in Egypt ( 35th Century BC ).


• First Writing s in the cities of Uruk and Susa ( Cuneiform writings). Hieroglyphs in Egypt .


• Kurgan culture of what is now southern Russia and Ukraine domesticates the Horse and develops the Chariot .


• Potter's Wheel used in Middle East .


• Sail s used in the Nile .


• Construction in England of the Sweet Track , the World's first known engineered Road way.


• Drainage and Sewage system in India


• Dam s, Canal s, Stone Sculpture s using Inclined Plane and Lever in Sumer


• Copper was in use, both as tools and weapons.


• Bronze was in use, specifically by the Maykop culture.


• Mastaba s, the predecessors of the Egyptian Pyramids


• the earliest phase of the Stonehenge monument (a circular earth bank and ditch) dates to ca. 3100 BC.


• The Céide Fields in Ireland , arguably the oldest field system in world, are developed.

CENTURIES

• 40th Century BC


• 39th Century BC


• 38th Century BC


• 37th Century BC


• 36th Century BC


• 35th Century BC


• 34th Century BC


• 33rd Century BC


• 32nd Century BC


• 31st Century BC

EXTERNAL REFERENCES

• 3200 BC Climate Change