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| locomotives by wheel arrangement | |
| 4-04-0 | |
| 4-4-0 locomotives | |
| 1836 introductions | |
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A 4-4-0 is a type of Steam Locomotive . In the Whyte Notation , 4-4-0 signifies that it has a two-axle Bogie to help guide it into curves, and two Driving Axle s coupled by a Connecting Rod . The 4-4-0 is most commonly known as the '''American''' type due to the large number of this type that were produced and used there, but the type subsequently became very popular in Great Britain where large numbers were produced. Almost every major Railway that operated in North America in the first half of the 19th century owned and operated locomotives of this type. The famous locomotive named The General was a 4-4-0. The equivalent UIC Classification is 2'B. The first use of the name ''American'' to describe locomotives of this wheel arrangement was made by ''Railroad Gazette'' in April 1872. Before that time, this wheel arrangement was known as a Standard or '''Eight-Wheeler'''. This locomotive type was so successful on US railroads that many earlier 4-2-0 and 2-4-0 locomotives were rebuilt as 4-4-0s by the middle of the 19th century. AMERICAN DESIGNS The first 4-4-0 design was developed by Henry R. Campbell , then the chief Engineer for the Philadelphia, Germantown And Norristown Railway . Campbell received a Patent for the design in February 1836, and he soon set to work building the first 4-4-0. New locomotive construction in the USA had begun only five years earlier at the West Point Foundry with the '' Best Friend Of Charleston '' in 1831. class D6 4-4-0 #317, built in 1881. This high-drivered (78") passenger locomotive is coal-fired, indicated by the straight stack. Elaborate decoration is now out of fashion.]] For the time, Campbell's 4-4-0 was a giant among locomotives. Its Cylinder s measured 14 Inch (356 Mm ) in diameter with a 16 in (406 mm) Piston stroke, it boasted 54 in (1.37 m) diameter driving wheels, could maintain 90 Lbf/in&2 (620 KPa ) of steam Pressure and weighed 12 Short Ton s (11 Metric Ton s). Campbell's locomotive was estimated to be able to pull a 450 short ton (410 metric ton) train at 15 Mph (24 Km/h ) on level track, beating the strongest of Baldwin's 4-2-0 s in tractive effort by around 63%. However, with all of the increased power in Campbell's design, the frame and driving gear of his locomotive proved too rigid for the railroads of the time, thus Campbell's prototype was too prone to Derailment s. At about the same time as Cambell was building his 4-4-0, the company of Eastwick And Harrison was building its own version of the 4-4-0. This locomotive, named ''Hercules'', was completed in 1837 for the Beaver Meadow Railroad . The ''Hercules'' was built with a leading bogie that was separate from the locomotive frame, making it much more suitable to the tight curves and quick grade changes of early railroads. type 4-4-0 steam locomotive leads one of that railroad's Passenger Train s across Kansas ''circa'' 1895.]] Even though ''Hercules'' and its successors from Eastwick and Harrison proved the viability of the new wheel arrangement, the company remained the sole builders of this type of locomotive for another two years. William Norris built that company's first 4-4-0 in 1839, followed by Rogers , Locks And Canals and Newcastle in 1840. Henry Campbell didn't sit idly by while other manufacturers started building their own 4-4-0s. Like many executives of the modern era, Campbell sued other manufacturers and railroads for infringing on his patent. Baldwin settled with Campbell in 1845 by purchasing a license to build 4-4-0s. As the 1840s progressed, the design of the 4-4-0 changed little, but the dimensions of a typical example of this type increased. The Boiler lengthened, drive wheels grew in diameter and the fire grate increased in area. Early 4-4-0s were short enough that it was most practical to connect the pistons to the rear driving axle, but as the boiler lengthened, the Connecting Rod was more frequently connected to the front driving axle. #119, a type 4-4-0 steam locomotive, rides atop a Union Pacific Railroad Flatcar as it stops in Ogden, Utah on May 9, 1969 just prior to the 100th anniversary of the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad .]] In the following decade, locomotive manufacturers began extending the wheelbase of both the leading bogie and the driving axles. By placing the axles farther from each other, manufacturers were able to mount a wider boiler completely above the wheels that extended beyond the sides of the wheels. This gave newer locomotives increased heating and steam capacity which translated to higher tractive effort. It was in this decade, the 1850s that the 4-4-0 began to look like the locomotives that are preserved today. There are fewer than 40 surviving 4-4-0s in the United States today, not counting reproductions. The design and subsequent improvements of the 4-4-0 proved so successful that by 1872, 60% of Baldwin's locomotive construction was of this type, and it is estimated that fully 85% of all locomotives in operation in the USA were 4-4-0s. However, the 4-4-0 was soon supplanted by bigger designs, like the 2-6-0 and 2-8-0 , even though the 4-4-0 was still favored for express services. The widespread adoption of the 4-6-0 and even larger locomotives helped seal its fate as a product of the past. By 1900, the 4-4-0 was obsolete in US locomotive manufacture, although they continued to serve Branch Line s and private industry into the mid 20th century. The last 4-4-0 built was a diminutive Baldwin product in 1945, built for the United Of Yucatan Railways . BRITISH DESIGNS Engine 928, ‘’Stowe’’ is a schools class 4-4-0 locomotive designed by R.E.L. Maunsell. The Schools class was the most powerful 4-4-0 design constructed. All the engines were named after Public Schools This engine recorded a speed of 95 mph in 1938, the fastest known time for this class of locomotive, pulling a four coach train. It was built in 1934 at Eastleigh at a cost of £5000 and used by the Southern Railways. It recorded more than 1 million miles of sevice operation. Together with tender, the locomotive weighs 110 tons. It 13 ft high, 59 ft long, 8 ft 6 in wide. Driving wheels diameter is 6 ft 7 in, cylinder diameter 16.5 inches and stroke 26 inches. It carries 4000 US gallons of water and 5 tons of coal and produces 25,000 lbf of tractive effort, at 85% boiler pressure. Three examples of this locomotive design are known to survive, ''Cheltenham'' owned by the National Railway Museum , ''Repton'' owned by the NYMR , and ''Stowe'' maintained by the Maunsell Locomotive Society . ''Stowe'' was purchased from British Railways for the National Motor Museum when it was assigned to be scrapped in 1962. It was moved to the East Somerset Railway , and then to the Bluebell Railway , where it was put into running order. {Link without Title} See also Southern Railways Schools Class Locomotives . The type was also used widely on other British railways, particularly in Scotland and East Anglia where tracks that could take lighter weights and more restricted gauges were common. CROWN METAL PRODUCTS The Crown Metal Products Company of Wyano, Pennsylvania built Live Steam reproductions of classic 4-4-0 designs between 1960 and 1989 for use by Amusement Parks . The largest of these ran on 36" Narrow Gauge Track of which 18 were produced. Most are patterned after 19th century American Design s, though those produced for Busch Gardens have Europe an styling. Many of these are still in daily operation at parks such as Paramount's Kings Island , Michael Jackson 's Neverland Ranch , and Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo (see Omaha Zoo Railroad ). EXTERNAL LINKS
REFERENCES IN FICTION Three US 4-4-0s were Jupiter , the real engine and Pud'n And Hug'n from Thomas The Tank Engine And Friends . |
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